I’ve just read the two functions there by that footnote, `reaching_copies_meet`. I have so much code review feedback just on code style, before we even get into functionality. And it’s like 20 lines. (The function shouldn’t return an error set, it should take an allocator, the input parameter slices should be const, the function shouldn’t return either the input slice or a newly allocated slice.)
It’s interesting how Zig clicked for me pretty quickly (although I have been writing it for a couple of years now). But some of the strategies of ownership and data oriented design I picked up writing JavaScript. Sometimes returning a new slice and sometimes returning the same slice is a problem for memory cleanup, but I wouldn’t do it even in JavaScript because it makes it difficult for the caller to know whether they can mutate the slice safely.
I suspect that there’s a way to write this algorithm without allocating a temporary buffer for each iteration. If I’m right that it’s just intersecting N sets, then I would start by making a copy of the first set, and on each iteration, removing items that don’t appear in the new set. I suspect the author is frustrated that Zig doesn’t have an intersect primitive for arrays, but usually when the Zig standard library doesn’t have something, it’s intentionally pushing you to a different algorithm.
Feels like maybe something lost in translation with their explanation - they say they were fed up of data structures etc. but they returned to Rust? I’m assuming there’s something a bit more nuanced about what they got tired of with Zig
Rust is a world away from Zig as far as being low-level. Rust does not have manual memory management and revolves around RAII which hides a great deal of complexity from you. Moreover it is not unusual for a Rust project to have 300+ dependencies that deal with data structures, synchronization, threading etc. Zig has a rich std lib, but is otherwise very bare and expects you to implement the things you actually want.
This depends on what you mean by low level. Commonly it means, how much you need to take care about minute, low-level issues. In that way C, Rust, and Zig are about the same.
Dependencies have nothing to do with low-level vs. high-level but just package management, how well the language composes, and how rich the standard library is. Are assumptions in package A able to affect package B. In C that's almost impossible to avoid, because different people have different ideas about how long their objects live.
Having a rich standard library isn't just a pure positive. More code means more maintenance.
I agree with you that package management has nothing to do with how low-level a language is.
That being said Rust is definitely a much higher level language than either C or Zig. The availability of `Arc` and `Box`, the existence and reliance on `drop`, and all of `async` are things that just wouldn't exist in Zig and allow Rust programmers to think at higher levels of abstraction when it comes to memory management.
> Having a rich standard library isn't just a pure positive. More code means more maintenance.
I would argue it's much worse to rely on packages that are not in the standard library since its harder to gain trust on maintenance and quality of the code you rely on. I do agree that more code is almost always just more of a burden though.
> That being said Rust is definitely a much higher level language than either C or Zig. The availability of `Arc` and `Box`, the existence and reliance on `drop`
I mean, C++ have RAII and stuff like unique pointer, does that make it higher level than Zig?
And what if you don't use Arc or Box? Is your program now lower level than baseline Rust?
As I said, depends a lot about what you mean by low level.
I think Rust is "higher level" than C or Zig in the sense that there are most abstractions than C or Zig. Its not Javascript, but it is possible to program Rust without worrying too much about low level concerns.
The languages trade complexity in different areas. Rust tries to prevent a class of problems that appear in almost all languages (i.e two threads mutating the same piece of data at the same time) via a strict type system and borrow checker. Zig won't do any of that but will force you to think about the allocator that you're using, when you need to free memory, the exact composition of your data structures, etc. Depending on the kind of programmer you are you may find one of these more difficult to work with than the other.
Zig actually bundles LLVM's Clang, which it uses to compile C with the `zig cc` command. But the long term goal seems to not be so tightly coupled to LLVM, so I'm expecting that to move elsewhere. They still do some clever stuff around compiler-rt, allowing it to be better at cross-compilation than raw Clang, but the bulk of it is mostly just Clang.
There is also another C compiler written in Zig, Aro[1], which seems to be much more complete than TFA. Zig started using that as a library for its TranslateC functionality (for translating C headers into Zig, not whole programs) in 0.16.
Cool project. Feels like writing a C compiler in Zig aligns nicely with the old "maintain it in Zig" idea that was part of Zig's early value proposition. Is that still considered a relevant goal today?
Longer term it also makes me wonder whether something like this could eventually reduce reliance on Clang/LLVM for the C frontend in zig's toolchain.
Looking at the repo, the author seemed a little fed up [1] with the nature of lower level language and quitted.
[1] https://github.com/asibahi/paella/blob/main/writeup/c19.md#u...
I’ve just read the two functions there by that footnote, `reaching_copies_meet`. I have so much code review feedback just on code style, before we even get into functionality. And it’s like 20 lines. (The function shouldn’t return an error set, it should take an allocator, the input parameter slices should be const, the function shouldn’t return either the input slice or a newly allocated slice.)
It’s interesting how Zig clicked for me pretty quickly (although I have been writing it for a couple of years now). But some of the strategies of ownership and data oriented design I picked up writing JavaScript. Sometimes returning a new slice and sometimes returning the same slice is a problem for memory cleanup, but I wouldn’t do it even in JavaScript because it makes it difficult for the caller to know whether they can mutate the slice safely.
I suspect that there’s a way to write this algorithm without allocating a temporary buffer for each iteration. If I’m right that it’s just intersecting N sets, then I would start by making a copy of the first set, and on each iteration, removing items that don’t appear in the new set. I suspect the author is frustrated that Zig doesn’t have an intersect primitive for arrays, but usually when the Zig standard library doesn’t have something, it’s intentionally pushing you to a different algorithm.
Feels like maybe something lost in translation with their explanation - they say they were fed up of data structures etc. but they returned to Rust? I’m assuming there’s something a bit more nuanced about what they got tired of with Zig
Rust is a world away from Zig as far as being low-level. Rust does not have manual memory management and revolves around RAII which hides a great deal of complexity from you. Moreover it is not unusual for a Rust project to have 300+ dependencies that deal with data structures, synchronization, threading etc. Zig has a rich std lib, but is otherwise very bare and expects you to implement the things you actually want.
This depends on what you mean by low level. Commonly it means, how much you need to take care about minute, low-level issues. In that way C, Rust, and Zig are about the same.
Dependencies have nothing to do with low-level vs. high-level but just package management, how well the language composes, and how rich the standard library is. Are assumptions in package A able to affect package B. In C that's almost impossible to avoid, because different people have different ideas about how long their objects live.
Having a rich standard library isn't just a pure positive. More code means more maintenance.
I agree with you that package management has nothing to do with how low-level a language is.
That being said Rust is definitely a much higher level language than either C or Zig. The availability of `Arc` and `Box`, the existence and reliance on `drop`, and all of `async` are things that just wouldn't exist in Zig and allow Rust programmers to think at higher levels of abstraction when it comes to memory management.
> Having a rich standard library isn't just a pure positive. More code means more maintenance.
I would argue it's much worse to rely on packages that are not in the standard library since its harder to gain trust on maintenance and quality of the code you rely on. I do agree that more code is almost always just more of a burden though.
> That being said Rust is definitely a much higher level language than either C or Zig. The availability of `Arc` and `Box`, the existence and reliance on `drop`
I mean, C++ have RAII and stuff like unique pointer, does that make it higher level than Zig?
And what if you don't use Arc or Box? Is your program now lower level than baseline Rust?
As I said, depends a lot about what you mean by low level.
I think Rust is "higher level" than C or Zig in the sense that there are most abstractions than C or Zig. Its not Javascript, but it is possible to program Rust without worrying too much about low level concerns.
Which is still a crazy claim considering Rust is often told about having strong bureaucracy around even sharing variables (borrow checker).
The languages trade complexity in different areas. Rust tries to prevent a class of problems that appear in almost all languages (i.e two threads mutating the same piece of data at the same time) via a strict type system and borrow checker. Zig won't do any of that but will force you to think about the allocator that you're using, when you need to free memory, the exact composition of your data structures, etc. Depending on the kind of programmer you are you may find one of these more difficult to work with than the other.
Except if you need to expose or consume a C API, or you need to use some obscure performance improvement.
The author was fed up with not having data structures already provided, and needing to roll his own
I thought Zig has a C compiler built in? Or is it just the Zig build system that's able to compile C, but uses an external compiler for that?
Still a proper programmer-flex to build another one.
Zig actually bundles LLVM's Clang, which it uses to compile C with the `zig cc` command. But the long term goal seems to not be so tightly coupled to LLVM, so I'm expecting that to move elsewhere. They still do some clever stuff around compiler-rt, allowing it to be better at cross-compilation than raw Clang, but the bulk of it is mostly just Clang.
There is also another C compiler written in Zig, Aro[1], which seems to be much more complete than TFA. Zig started using that as a library for its TranslateC functionality (for translating C headers into Zig, not whole programs) in 0.16.
[1]: https://github.com/Vexu/arocc
They're not planning on dropping Clang.
Cool project. Feels like writing a C compiler in Zig aligns nicely with the old "maintain it in Zig" idea that was part of Zig's early value proposition. Is that still considered a relevant goal today?
Longer term it also makes me wonder whether something like this could eventually reduce reliance on Clang/LLVM for the C frontend in zig's toolchain.
There is actually another C compiler written in Zig, Aro[1], which Zig started using since 0.16 for its TranslateC module.
[1]: https://github.com/Vexu/arocc