Figuring out how to trust AI-written code faster is the project of software engineering for the next few years, IMO.
We'll need to figure out the techniques and strategies that let us merge AI code sight unseen. Some ideas that have already started floating around:
- Include the spec for the change in your PR and only bother reviewing that, on the assumption that the AI faithfully executed it
- Lean harder on your deterministic verification: unit tests, full stack tests, linters, formatters, static analysis
- Get better ai-based review: greptile and bugbot and half a dozen others
- Lean into your observability tooling so that AIs can fix your production bugs so fast they don't even matter.
None of these seem fully sufficient right now, but it's such a new problem that I suspect we'll be figuring this out for the next few years at least. Maybe one of these becomes the silver bullet or maybe it's just a bunch of lead bullets.
But anyone who's able to ship AI code without human review (and without their codebase collapsing) will run circles around the rest.
Translating from a natural language spec to code involves a truly massive amount of decision making.
For a non trivial program, 2 implementations of the same natural language spec will have thousands of observable differences.
Where we are today, that is agents require guardrails to keep from spinning out, there is no way to let agents work on code autonomously that won’t end up with all of those observable differences constantly shifting, resulting in unusable software.
Tests can’t prevent this because for a test suite to cover all observable behavior, it would need to be more complex than the code. In which case, it wouldn’t be any easier for machine or human to understand.
The only solution to this problem is that LLMs get better. Personally I think at the point they can pull this off, they can do any white collar job, and there’s not point in planning for that future because it results in either Mad Mad or Star Trek.
>For a non trivial program, 2 implementations of the same natural language spec will have thousands of observable differences.
If they're not defined in the spec then these differences shouldn't matter, they're just implementation details. And if they do matter, then they should be included in the spec; a natural language spec that doesn't specify some things that should be specified is not a good spec.
> Figuring out how to trust AI-written code faster is the project of software engineering for the next few years, IMO
Replace AI written with “cheap dev written” and think about why that isn’t already true.
The bottleneck is a competent dev understanding a project. Always has been.
Another fundamental flaw is you can’t trust LLMs. It’s fundamentally impossible compared to the way you trust a human. Humans make mistakes. LLMs do not. Anything “wrong” they do is them working exactly as designed.
I made a distributed operating system that manages all of this. Not just for agents per se but in general allows many devs to work simultaneously without tons of central review and allows them to keep standards high while working independently.
We would have to get very good at these. It's completely antithetical to the agile idea where we convey tasks via pantomime and post it rather than formal requirements. I wont even get started on the lack of inline documentation and its ongoing disappearance.
> Lean harder on your deterministic verification: unit tests, full stack tests,
Unit tests are so very limited. Effective but not the panacea that the industry thought it was going to be. The conversation about simulation and emulation needs to happen, and it has barely started.
> We'll need to figure out the techniques and strategies that let us merge AI code sight unseen.
Most people who write software are really bad at reading other's code, and doing systems level thinking. This starts at hiring, the leet code interview has stocked our industry with people who have never been vetted, or measured on these skills.
> But anyone who's able to ship AI code without human review
Imagine we made every one go back to the office, and then randomly put LSD in the coffee maker once a week. The hallucination problem is always going to be NON ZERO. If you are bundling the context in, you might not be able to limit it (short of using two models adversarially). That doesn't even deal with the "confidently wrong" issue... what's an LLM going to do with something like this: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47252971 (random bit flips).
We haven't even talked about the human factors (bad product ideas, poor UI, etc) that engineers push back against and an LLM likely wont.
That doesn't mean you're completely wrong: those who embrace AI as a power tool, and use it to build their app, and tooling that increases velocity (on useful features) are going to be the winners.
Do you know what happens to every industry when they get too fast and slapdash?
Regulation.
It happened with plumbing. Electricians. Civil engineers. Bridge construction. Haircutting. Emergency response. Legal work. Tech is perhaps the least regulated industry in the world. Cutting someone’s hair requires a license, operating a commercial kitchen requires a license, holding the SSN of 100K people does not yet.
If AI is fast and cheap, some big client will use it in a stupid manner. Tons of people can and will be hurt afterward. Regulation will follow. AI means we can either go faster, or focus on ironing out every last bug with the time saved, and politicians will focus on the latter instead of allowing a mortgage meltdown in the prime credit market. Everyone stays employed while the bar goes higher.
This still seems like technical debt to me. It's just debt with a much higher compounding interest rate and/or shorter due date. Credit cards vs. traditional loans or mortgages.
>And six months later you discover you’ve built exactly what the spec said — and nothing the customer actually wanted.
That's not a developer problem, it's a PM/business problem. Your PM or equivalent should be neck deep in finding out what to build. Some developers like doing that (likely for free) but they can't spend as much time on it as a PM because they have other responsibilities, so they are not as likely not as good at it.
If you are building POCs (and everyone understands it's a POC), then AI is actually better getting those built as long as you clean it up afterwards. Having something to interact with is still way better than passively staring at designs or mockup slides.
Developers being able to spend less time on code that is helpful but likely to be thrown away is a good thing IMO.
> AI is actually better getting those built as long as you clean it up afterwards
I've never seen a quick PoC get cleaned up. Not once.
I'm sure it happens sometimes, but it's very rare in the industry. The reality is that a PoC usually becomes "good enough" and gets moved into production with only the most perfunctory of cleanup.
One trick for avoiding this is to use artifacts in the PoC that no self-respecting developer would ever allow in production. I use html tables in PoCs because front-end devs hate them - with old-school properties like cellpadding that I know will get replaced.
I also name everything DEMO__ so at least they'll have to go through the exercise or renaming it. Although I've had cases where they don't even do that lol. But at least then you know who's totally worthless.
Bad code isn't Technical Debt, it's an unhedged Call Option
If you search for that quote, you can find #1 result is an AI slop paraphrase published last week, but the original article was 11 years ago, and republished 3 years ago.
Verification debt has always been present, we just now feel an acute need for it, because we do it wrong.
Clause and friends represent an increase in coders, without any corresponding increase in code reviewers. It's a break in the traditional model of reviewing as much code as you submit, and it all falls on human engineers, typically the most senior.
Well, that model kinda sucked anyways. Humans are falliable and Ironies of Automation lays bare the failure modes. We all know the signs: 50 comments on a 5 line PR, a lonely "LGTM" on the 5000 line PR. This is not responsible software engineering or design; it is, as the author puts it, a big green "I'm accountable" button with no force behind it.
It's probably time for all of us on HN to pick up a book or course on TLA+ and elevate the state of software verification. Even if Claude ends up writing TLA+ specs too, at least that will be a smaller, simpler code base to review?
It comes down to trust. I was not able to trust GPT 4.1 or Sonnet 3.5 with anything other than short, well-specified tasks. If I let them go too long (e.g. in long Cursor sessions), it would lose the plot and start thrashing.
With better models and harnesses (e.g. Claude Code), I can now trust the AI more than I would trust a junior developer in the past.
I still review Claude's plans before it begins, and I try out its code after it finishes. I do catch errors on both ends, which is why I haven't taken myself out of the loop yet. But we're getting there.
Most of the time, the way I "verify" the code is behavioral: does it do what it's supposed to do? Have I tried sufficient edge cases during QA to pressure-test it? Do we have good test coverage to prevent regressions and check critical calculations? That's about as far as I ever took human code verification. If anything, I have more confidence in my codebases now.
Verification has always been hard and always ignored, in software more than other industries. This is not specific to AI generated code.
I currently work in a software field that has a large numerical component and verifying that the system is implemented correctly and stable takes much longer than actually implementing it. It should have been like that when I used to work in a more software-y role, but people were much more cavalier then and it bit that company in the butt often. This isn't new, but it is being amplified.
Verification is the bottleneck now, so we have to adjust our tooling and processes to make verification as easy as possible.
When you submit a PR, verifiability should be top of mind. Use those magic AI tools to make the PR as easy to possible to verify as possible. Chunk your PR into palatable chunks. Document and comment to aid verification. Add tests that are easy for the reviewer to read, test and tweak. Etc.
Historically, the cycle has been requirements -> code -> test, but with coding becoming much faster, the bottlenecks have changed. That's one of the reasons I've been working on Spark Runner to help automate testing for web apps: https://https://github.com/simonarthur/spark-runner
> It gets 50% more pull requests, 50% more documentation, 50% more design proposals
Perhaps this will finally force the pendulum to swing back towards continuous integration (the practice now aliased trunk-based development to disambiguate it from the build server). If we're really lucky, it may even swing the pendulum back to favoring working software over comprehensive documentation, but maybe that's hoping too much. :-)
As an experiment, I had Claude Cowork write a history book. I chose as subject a biography of Paolo Sarpi, a Venetian thinker most active in the early 17th century. I chose the subject because I know something about him, but am far from expert, because many of the sources in Italian, in which I am a beginner, and because many of the sources are behind paywalls, which does not mean the AIs haven't been trained on them.
I prompted it to cite and footnote all sources, avoid plagiarism and AI-style writing. After 5 hours, it was finished (amusingly, it generated JavaScript and emitted a DOCX). And then I read the book. There was still a lingering jauntiness and breathlessness ("Paolo Sarpi was a pivotal figure in European history!") but various online checkers did not detect AI writing or plagiarism. I spot checked the footnotes and dates. But clearly this was a huge job, especially since I couldn't see behind the paywalls (if I worked for a Uni I probably could).
Finally, I used Gemini Deep Research to confirm the historical facts and that all the cited sources exist. Gemini thought it was all good.
But how do I know Gemini didn't hallucinate the same things Claude did?
Definitely an incredible research tool. If I were actually writing such a book, this would be a big start. But verification would still be a huge effort.
I used gemini to look up a relative with a connection to a famous event. The relative himself is obscure, but I have some of his writings and I've heard his story from other relatives. Gemini fabricated a completely false narrative about my relative that was much more exciting than what actually happened. I spent a bunch of time looking at the sources that Gemini supplied trying to verify things and although the sources were real, the story Gemini came up with was completely made up.
Yup. I've had Gemini create fake citations to papers. I've also had it hallucinate the contents of paywalled papers, so I know I can't trust anything it writes, though I am getting better at using it recursively to verify things.
I am certain I read article that was posted on YN a month or so ago about some researchers that were caught using false citations in their research.
If I remember correctly, some group used an AI tool to sniff for AI citations in other's works. What I remember most was how abhorrent some of the sources that the AI sniffer caught. One of the citation's authors was literally cited as "FirstName LastName" -- didn't even sub in a fake name lol.
I believe that, on a fundamental level, the principle of 'trust, but verify' can be followed to its logical endpoint, as covered in Ken Thompson's lecture, 'Reflections on Trusting Trust' [1]. At some point, one simply has to trust that something is correct, unless they have the capability to verify every step of a long chain of indirection.
So, in regard to your book: Claude may or may not have hallucinated the information from its cited sources. Gemini, as well. However, say you had access to the cited information behind a paywall. How would you go about verifying the information cited in those sources was correct?
Since the release of LLMs over the past four years or so, I have noticed a trend where people are (rightfully) hesitant to trust the output of LLMs. But if the knowledge is in a book or comes from another other man-made source, it's some how infallible? Such thinking reminds me of my primary schooling days. Teachers would not let us use Wikipedia as a source because, "Anyone can edit anything." Though, it's as one cannot write anything they want in a book -- be it true or false?
How many scientific researchers have p-hacked their research, falsified data, or used other methods of deceit? I do not believe it's a truly an issue on a grand scale nor does it make vast amounts of science illegitimate. When caught, the punishments are usually handled in a serious manner, but no telling how much falsified research was never caught.
I do believe any and all information provided by LLMs should be verified and not blindly trusted, however, I extend that same policy to works from my fellow humans. Of course, no one has the time to verify every single detail of every bit of information one comes across. Hence, at some point, we all must settle on trusting in trust. Knowledge that we cannot verify is not knowledge. It is faith.
Before AI, the smartest human still had to pass the paywall to access paywalled content.
AI has exacerbated the Internet's "content must be free or else does not exist" trend.
It's just not interesting to challenge an AI to write professional research content without giving it access to research conetent. Without access, it's just going to paraphrase what's already available.
I've come to the point where I think generated code is nothing better than a random package I install.
Did I read it all and just accepted what was promised? Yes
Can it bite me in the butt somewhere down the road? Probably, but I currently at least have more doubt about the generated code than a random package I picked up somewhere on git which readme I just partly skipped over.
However a random [but well established] package will have been used many many times, thus will have been verified in the wild, and likely will have a bug tracker, updates, and perhaps even a community of people who care about that particular code. No comparison really.
My company recently hired a contractor. He submits multi-thousand line PRs every day, far faster than I can review them. This would maybe be OK if I could trust his output, but I can't. When I ask him really basic questions about the system, he either doesn't know or he gets it wrong. This week, I asked for some simple scripts that would let someone load data in a a local or staging environment, so that the system could be tested in various configurations. He submitted a PR with 3800 lines of shell scripts. We do not have any significant shell scripts anywhere else in our codebase. I spent several hours reviewing it with him - maybe more time than he spent writing it. His PR had tons and tons of end-to-end tests of the system that didn't actually test anything - some said they were validating state, but passed if a get request returned a 200. There were a few tests that called a create API. The tests would pass if the API returned an ID of the created object. But they would ALSO pass if the test didn't return an ID. I was trying to be a good teacher, so I kept asking questions like "why did you make this decision", etc, to try to have a conversation about the design choices and it was very clear that he was just making up bullshit rationalizations - he hadn't made any decisions at all. There was one particularly nonsensical test suite - it said it was testing X but included API calls that had nothing to do with X. I was trying to figure out how he had come up with that, and then I realized - I had given him a Postman export with some example API requests, and in one of the API requests I had gotten lazy and modified the request to test something but hadn't modified the name in Postman. So the LLM had assumed that the request was related to the old name and used it when generating a test suite, even though these things had nothing to do with each other. He had probably never actually read the output so he had no idea that it made no sense.
When he was first hired, I asked him to refactor a core part of the system to improve code quality (get rid of previous LLM slop). He submitted a 2000+ line PR within a day or so. He's getting frustrated because I haven't reviewed it and he has other 2000+ line PRs waiting on review. I asked him some questions about how this part of the system was invoked and how it returned data to the rest of the system, and he couldn't answer. At that point I tried to explain why I am reluctant to let him commit his refactor of a core part of the system when he can't even explain the basic functionality of that component.
This sums up the inherent friction between hype and reality really well.
CEOs and hype men want you to believe that LLMs can replace everyone. In 6 months you can give them the keys to the kingdom and they'll do a better job running your company then you did. No more devs. No more QA. No more pesky employees who needs crazy stuff like sleep, and food, and time off to be a human.
Then of course we run face first into reality. You give the tool to an idiot (or a generally well meaning person not paying enough attention) and you end up with 2k PRs that are batshit insane, production data based deleted, malicious code downloaded and executed on just machines, email archives deleted, and entire production infrastructure systems blown away. Then the hype men come back around and go "well yeah, it's not the tools fault, you still need an expert at the wheel, even though you were told you don't".
LLMs can do amazing things, and I think there's a lot of opportunities to improve software products if used correctly, but reality does not line up with the hype, and it never will
Figuring out how to trust AI-written code faster is the project of software engineering for the next few years, IMO.
We'll need to figure out the techniques and strategies that let us merge AI code sight unseen. Some ideas that have already started floating around:
- Include the spec for the change in your PR and only bother reviewing that, on the assumption that the AI faithfully executed it
- Lean harder on your deterministic verification: unit tests, full stack tests, linters, formatters, static analysis
- Get better ai-based review: greptile and bugbot and half a dozen others
- Lean into your observability tooling so that AIs can fix your production bugs so fast they don't even matter.
None of these seem fully sufficient right now, but it's such a new problem that I suspect we'll be figuring this out for the next few years at least. Maybe one of these becomes the silver bullet or maybe it's just a bunch of lead bullets.
But anyone who's able to ship AI code without human review (and without their codebase collapsing) will run circles around the rest.
Translating from a natural language spec to code involves a truly massive amount of decision making.
For a non trivial program, 2 implementations of the same natural language spec will have thousands of observable differences.
Where we are today, that is agents require guardrails to keep from spinning out, there is no way to let agents work on code autonomously that won’t end up with all of those observable differences constantly shifting, resulting in unusable software.
Tests can’t prevent this because for a test suite to cover all observable behavior, it would need to be more complex than the code. In which case, it wouldn’t be any easier for machine or human to understand.
The only solution to this problem is that LLMs get better. Personally I think at the point they can pull this off, they can do any white collar job, and there’s not point in planning for that future because it results in either Mad Mad or Star Trek.
>For a non trivial program, 2 implementations of the same natural language spec will have thousands of observable differences.
If they're not defined in the spec then these differences shouldn't matter, they're just implementation details. And if they do matter, then they should be included in the spec; a natural language spec that doesn't specify some things that should be specified is not a good spec.
>Lean harder on your deterministic verification: unit tests, full stack tests, linters, formatters, static analysis
It's wild that the gamut of PRs being zipped around don't even do these. You would run such validations as a human...
> Figuring out how to trust AI-written code faster is the project of software engineering for the next few years, IMO
Replace AI written with “cheap dev written” and think about why that isn’t already true.
The bottleneck is a competent dev understanding a project. Always has been.
Another fundamental flaw is you can’t trust LLMs. It’s fundamentally impossible compared to the way you trust a human. Humans make mistakes. LLMs do not. Anything “wrong” they do is them working exactly as designed.
I made a distributed operating system that manages all of this. Not just for agents per se but in general allows many devs to work simultaneously without tons of central review and allows them to keep standards high while working independently.
> Include the spec for the change in your PR
We would have to get very good at these. It's completely antithetical to the agile idea where we convey tasks via pantomime and post it rather than formal requirements. I wont even get started on the lack of inline documentation and its ongoing disappearance.
> Lean harder on your deterministic verification: unit tests, full stack tests,
Unit tests are so very limited. Effective but not the panacea that the industry thought it was going to be. The conversation about simulation and emulation needs to happen, and it has barely started.
> We'll need to figure out the techniques and strategies that let us merge AI code sight unseen.
Most people who write software are really bad at reading other's code, and doing systems level thinking. This starts at hiring, the leet code interview has stocked our industry with people who have never been vetted, or measured on these skills.
> But anyone who's able to ship AI code without human review
Imagine we made every one go back to the office, and then randomly put LSD in the coffee maker once a week. The hallucination problem is always going to be NON ZERO. If you are bundling the context in, you might not be able to limit it (short of using two models adversarially). That doesn't even deal with the "confidently wrong" issue... what's an LLM going to do with something like this: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47252971 (random bit flips).
We haven't even talked about the human factors (bad product ideas, poor UI, etc) that engineers push back against and an LLM likely wont.
That doesn't mean you're completely wrong: those who embrace AI as a power tool, and use it to build their app, and tooling that increases velocity (on useful features) are going to be the winners.
Do you know what happens to every industry when they get too fast and slapdash?
Regulation.
It happened with plumbing. Electricians. Civil engineers. Bridge construction. Haircutting. Emergency response. Legal work. Tech is perhaps the least regulated industry in the world. Cutting someone’s hair requires a license, operating a commercial kitchen requires a license, holding the SSN of 100K people does not yet.
If AI is fast and cheap, some big client will use it in a stupid manner. Tons of people can and will be hurt afterward. Regulation will follow. AI means we can either go faster, or focus on ironing out every last bug with the time saved, and politicians will focus on the latter instead of allowing a mortgage meltdown in the prime credit market. Everyone stays employed while the bar goes higher.
He’s right. Exhibit A is age-gating social media. If the industry keeps being this careless that’s going to be the tip of the iceberg.
> Regulation will follow.
I would hope so, but it won't happen as long as the billionaire AI bros keep on paying politicians for favorable treatment.
The word is "bribing", and the current (bribable) administration won't be around forever (hopefully).
This still seems like technical debt to me. It's just debt with a much higher compounding interest rate and/or shorter due date. Credit cards vs. traditional loans or mortgages.
>And six months later you discover you’ve built exactly what the spec said — and nothing the customer actually wanted.
That's not a developer problem, it's a PM/business problem. Your PM or equivalent should be neck deep in finding out what to build. Some developers like doing that (likely for free) but they can't spend as much time on it as a PM because they have other responsibilities, so they are not as likely not as good at it.
If you are building POCs (and everyone understands it's a POC), then AI is actually better getting those built as long as you clean it up afterwards. Having something to interact with is still way better than passively staring at designs or mockup slides.
Developers being able to spend less time on code that is helpful but likely to be thrown away is a good thing IMO.
> AI is actually better getting those built as long as you clean it up afterwards
I've never seen a quick PoC get cleaned up. Not once.
I'm sure it happens sometimes, but it's very rare in the industry. The reality is that a PoC usually becomes "good enough" and gets moved into production with only the most perfunctory of cleanup.
One trick for avoiding this is to use artifacts in the PoC that no self-respecting developer would ever allow in production. I use html tables in PoCs because front-end devs hate them - with old-school properties like cellpadding that I know will get replaced.
I also name everything DEMO__ so at least they'll have to go through the exercise or renaming it. Although I've had cases where they don't even do that lol. But at least then you know who's totally worthless.
The key to every quick POC having a short life, is a reliance on manual work outside of the engineering team.
This is genius.
There is nothing as permanent as a temporary solution!
Bad code isn't Technical Debt, it's an unhedged Call Option
If you search for that quote, you can find #1 result is an AI slop paraphrase published last week, but the original article was 11 years ago, and republished 3 years ago.
https://higherorderlogic.com/programming/2023/10/06/bad-code...
Verification debt has always been present, we just now feel an acute need for it, because we do it wrong.
Clause and friends represent an increase in coders, without any corresponding increase in code reviewers. It's a break in the traditional model of reviewing as much code as you submit, and it all falls on human engineers, typically the most senior.
Well, that model kinda sucked anyways. Humans are falliable and Ironies of Automation lays bare the failure modes. We all know the signs: 50 comments on a 5 line PR, a lonely "LGTM" on the 5000 line PR. This is not responsible software engineering or design; it is, as the author puts it, a big green "I'm accountable" button with no force behind it.
It's probably time for all of us on HN to pick up a book or course on TLA+ and elevate the state of software verification. Even if Claude ends up writing TLA+ specs too, at least that will be a smaller, simpler code base to review?
It comes down to trust. I was not able to trust GPT 4.1 or Sonnet 3.5 with anything other than short, well-specified tasks. If I let them go too long (e.g. in long Cursor sessions), it would lose the plot and start thrashing.
With better models and harnesses (e.g. Claude Code), I can now trust the AI more than I would trust a junior developer in the past.
I still review Claude's plans before it begins, and I try out its code after it finishes. I do catch errors on both ends, which is why I haven't taken myself out of the loop yet. But we're getting there.
Most of the time, the way I "verify" the code is behavioral: does it do what it's supposed to do? Have I tried sufficient edge cases during QA to pressure-test it? Do we have good test coverage to prevent regressions and check critical calculations? That's about as far as I ever took human code verification. If anything, I have more confidence in my codebases now.
Verification has always been hard and always ignored, in software more than other industries. This is not specific to AI generated code.
I currently work in a software field that has a large numerical component and verifying that the system is implemented correctly and stable takes much longer than actually implementing it. It should have been like that when I used to work in a more software-y role, but people were much more cavalier then and it bit that company in the butt often. This isn't new, but it is being amplified.
Verification is the bottleneck now, so we have to adjust our tooling and processes to make verification as easy as possible.
When you submit a PR, verifiability should be top of mind. Use those magic AI tools to make the PR as easy to possible to verify as possible. Chunk your PR into palatable chunks. Document and comment to aid verification. Add tests that are easy for the reviewer to read, test and tweak. Etc.
Just prompt the AI to verify the software.
Historically, the cycle has been requirements -> code -> test, but with coding becoming much faster, the bottlenecks have changed. That's one of the reasons I've been working on Spark Runner to help automate testing for web apps: https://https://github.com/simonarthur/spark-runner
> It gets 50% more pull requests, 50% more documentation, 50% more design proposals
Perhaps this will finally force the pendulum to swing back towards continuous integration (the practice now aliased trunk-based development to disambiguate it from the build server). If we're really lucky, it may even swing the pendulum back to favoring working software over comprehensive documentation, but maybe that's hoping too much. :-)
This verification problem is general.
As an experiment, I had Claude Cowork write a history book. I chose as subject a biography of Paolo Sarpi, a Venetian thinker most active in the early 17th century. I chose the subject because I know something about him, but am far from expert, because many of the sources in Italian, in which I am a beginner, and because many of the sources are behind paywalls, which does not mean the AIs haven't been trained on them.
I prompted it to cite and footnote all sources, avoid plagiarism and AI-style writing. After 5 hours, it was finished (amusingly, it generated JavaScript and emitted a DOCX). And then I read the book. There was still a lingering jauntiness and breathlessness ("Paolo Sarpi was a pivotal figure in European history!") but various online checkers did not detect AI writing or plagiarism. I spot checked the footnotes and dates. But clearly this was a huge job, especially since I couldn't see behind the paywalls (if I worked for a Uni I probably could).
Finally, I used Gemini Deep Research to confirm the historical facts and that all the cited sources exist. Gemini thought it was all good.
But how do I know Gemini didn't hallucinate the same things Claude did?
Definitely an incredible research tool. If I were actually writing such a book, this would be a big start. But verification would still be a huge effort.
I used gemini to look up a relative with a connection to a famous event. The relative himself is obscure, but I have some of his writings and I've heard his story from other relatives. Gemini fabricated a completely false narrative about my relative that was much more exciting than what actually happened. I spent a bunch of time looking at the sources that Gemini supplied trying to verify things and although the sources were real, the story Gemini came up with was completely made up.
Yup. I've had Gemini create fake citations to papers. I've also had it hallucinate the contents of paywalled papers, so I know I can't trust anything it writes, though I am getting better at using it recursively to verify things.
I am certain I read article that was posted on YN a month or so ago about some researchers that were caught using false citations in their research.
If I remember correctly, some group used an AI tool to sniff for AI citations in other's works. What I remember most was how abhorrent some of the sources that the AI sniffer caught. One of the citation's authors was literally cited as "FirstName LastName" -- didn't even sub in a fake name lol.
Edit: I found the OP:
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46720395
I believe that, on a fundamental level, the principle of 'trust, but verify' can be followed to its logical endpoint, as covered in Ken Thompson's lecture, 'Reflections on Trusting Trust' [1]. At some point, one simply has to trust that something is correct, unless they have the capability to verify every step of a long chain of indirection.
So, in regard to your book: Claude may or may not have hallucinated the information from its cited sources. Gemini, as well. However, say you had access to the cited information behind a paywall. How would you go about verifying the information cited in those sources was correct?
Since the release of LLMs over the past four years or so, I have noticed a trend where people are (rightfully) hesitant to trust the output of LLMs. But if the knowledge is in a book or comes from another other man-made source, it's some how infallible? Such thinking reminds me of my primary schooling days. Teachers would not let us use Wikipedia as a source because, "Anyone can edit anything." Though, it's as one cannot write anything they want in a book -- be it true or false?
How many scientific researchers have p-hacked their research, falsified data, or used other methods of deceit? I do not believe it's a truly an issue on a grand scale nor does it make vast amounts of science illegitimate. When caught, the punishments are usually handled in a serious manner, but no telling how much falsified research was never caught.
I do believe any and all information provided by LLMs should be verified and not blindly trusted, however, I extend that same policy to works from my fellow humans. Of course, no one has the time to verify every single detail of every bit of information one comes across. Hence, at some point, we all must settle on trusting in trust. Knowledge that we cannot verify is not knowledge. It is faith.
[1] https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rdriley/487/papers/Thompson_1984_Ref...
Before AI, the smartest human still had to pass the paywall to access paywalled content.
AI has exacerbated the Internet's "content must be free or else does not exist" trend.
It's just not interesting to challenge an AI to write professional research content without giving it access to research conetent. Without access, it's just going to paraphrase what's already available.
Code is fully disposable way to generate custom logic.
Hand crafted , scalable code will be a very rare phenomenon
There will be a clear distinction between too.
I've come to the point where I think generated code is nothing better than a random package I install. Did I read it all and just accepted what was promised? Yes Can it bite me in the butt somewhere down the road? Probably, but I currently at least have more doubt about the generated code than a random package I picked up somewhere on git which readme I just partly skipped over.
However a random [but well established] package will have been used many many times, thus will have been verified in the wild, and likely will have a bug tracker, updates, and perhaps even a community of people who care about that particular code. No comparison really.
My company recently hired a contractor. He submits multi-thousand line PRs every day, far faster than I can review them. This would maybe be OK if I could trust his output, but I can't. When I ask him really basic questions about the system, he either doesn't know or he gets it wrong. This week, I asked for some simple scripts that would let someone load data in a a local or staging environment, so that the system could be tested in various configurations. He submitted a PR with 3800 lines of shell scripts. We do not have any significant shell scripts anywhere else in our codebase. I spent several hours reviewing it with him - maybe more time than he spent writing it. His PR had tons and tons of end-to-end tests of the system that didn't actually test anything - some said they were validating state, but passed if a get request returned a 200. There were a few tests that called a create API. The tests would pass if the API returned an ID of the created object. But they would ALSO pass if the test didn't return an ID. I was trying to be a good teacher, so I kept asking questions like "why did you make this decision", etc, to try to have a conversation about the design choices and it was very clear that he was just making up bullshit rationalizations - he hadn't made any decisions at all. There was one particularly nonsensical test suite - it said it was testing X but included API calls that had nothing to do with X. I was trying to figure out how he had come up with that, and then I realized - I had given him a Postman export with some example API requests, and in one of the API requests I had gotten lazy and modified the request to test something but hadn't modified the name in Postman. So the LLM had assumed that the request was related to the old name and used it when generating a test suite, even though these things had nothing to do with each other. He had probably never actually read the output so he had no idea that it made no sense.
When he was first hired, I asked him to refactor a core part of the system to improve code quality (get rid of previous LLM slop). He submitted a 2000+ line PR within a day or so. He's getting frustrated because I haven't reviewed it and he has other 2000+ line PRs waiting on review. I asked him some questions about how this part of the system was invoked and how it returned data to the rest of the system, and he couldn't answer. At that point I tried to explain why I am reluctant to let him commit his refactor of a core part of the system when he can't even explain the basic functionality of that component.
I expect you'll be seen as the problem for slowing an obviously productive person down. What a time to be alive :(
Do you think he used AI to generate that much code without ever understanding or having a look at the code ? Why was he hired ?
Yes, because he can't answer basic questions about the code.
He was hired because we needed a contractor quickly and he and his company represented to us that he was a lot more experienced than he actually is.
Will you get rid of him? It sounds like he's wasting a lot of your time
Or... is apical_dendrite just circling the wagons, scared of AI taking his job?
/management thoughts
Why are you paying someone who isn't doing the job you hired someone to do?
Why are you acting like you work for the contractor, instead of the contractor workign for you?
Why are you teaching a contractor anything? That's a violation of labor law. You are treating a contractor like an employee.
Excellent questions.
This sums up the inherent friction between hype and reality really well.
CEOs and hype men want you to believe that LLMs can replace everyone. In 6 months you can give them the keys to the kingdom and they'll do a better job running your company then you did. No more devs. No more QA. No more pesky employees who needs crazy stuff like sleep, and food, and time off to be a human.
Then of course we run face first into reality. You give the tool to an idiot (or a generally well meaning person not paying enough attention) and you end up with 2k PRs that are batshit insane, production data based deleted, malicious code downloaded and executed on just machines, email archives deleted, and entire production infrastructure systems blown away. Then the hype men come back around and go "well yeah, it's not the tools fault, you still need an expert at the wheel, even though you were told you don't".
LLMs can do amazing things, and I think there's a lot of opportunities to improve software products if used correctly, but reality does not line up with the hype, and it never will
> CEOs and hype men want you to believe that LLMs can replace everyone.
> they'll do a better job running your company
SWEs are the ones running the company.
CEOs are.
I was being hyperbolic to make a point. Not literal.