We're going to do it again, aren't we? We're going to take something simple and sensible ("write tests first", "small composable modules", etc.), give it a fancy complicated name ("Behavior-Constrained Implementation Lifecycle pattern", "Boundary-Scoped Processing Constructs pattern", etc.), and create an entire industry of consultants and experts selling books and enterprise coaching around it, each swearing they have the secret sauce and the right incantations.
The damn thing _talks_. You can just _speak_ to it. You can just ask it to do what you want.
Common business-oriented language (COBOL) is a high-level, English-like, compiled programming language.
COBOL's promise was that it was human-like text, so we wouldn't need programmers anymore.
The problem is that the average person doesn't know how what their actual problems are in sufficient detail to get a working solution. When you get down to breaking down that problem... you become a programmer.
The main lesson of COBOL is that it isn't the computer interface/language that necessitates a programmer.
Agreed, the programmer is not going away. However, I expect the role is going to change dramatically and the SDLC is going to have to adapt.
The programmer used to be the non-deterministic function creating the deterministic code. Along with that were multiple levels of testing from unit to acceptance in order to come to some close alignment with what the end-user actually intended as their project goals.
Now the programmer is using the probabilistic AI to generate definitive tests so that it can then non-deterministically create deterministic code to pass those tests. All to meet the indefinite project goals defined by the end-user. Or is there going to be another change in role where the project manager is the one using the AI to write the tests since they have a closer relationship to the customer and the programmer is the one responsible for wrangling the code to validate against those tests.
I predict the main democratization change is going to be how easy people can make plumbing that doesn't require--or at least not obviously require--such specificity or mental-modeling of the business domain.
For example, "Generate me some repeatable code to ask system X for data about Y, pull out value Z, and submit it to system W."
What happens when value Z is not >= X? What happens when value Z doesn't exist, but values J and K do? What should be done when...
I hear what you're saying, but I think it's going to be entertaining watching people go "I guess this is why we paid Bob all of that money all those years".
Hence the "not obviously require" bit: Some portion of those "simply gluing things together" will not actually be simple in truth. It'll work for a time until errors come to a head, then suddenly they'll need a professional to rip out the LLM asbestos and rework it properly.
That said, we should not underestimate the ability of companies to limp along with something broken and buggy, especially when they're being told there's no budget to fix it. (True even before LLMs.)
This seems needlessly nitpicky. Of course there will be edge cases, there always are in everything, so pointing out that edge cases may exist isn't helpful.
But it stands to reason that would be a huge shift if a system accessible to non-technical users could mostly handle those edge cases, even when "handle" means failing silently without taking the entire thing down, or simply raising them for human intervention via Slack message or email or a dashboard or something.
And Bob's still going to get paid a lot of money he'll just be doing stuff that's more useful than figuring out how negative numbers should be parsed in the ETL pipeline.
> The problem is that the average person doesn't know how what their actual problems are in sufficient detail to get a working solution. When you get down to breaking down that problem... you become a programmer.
Agreed. I've spent the last few years building an EMR at an actual agency and the idea that users know what they want and can articulate it to a degree that won't require ANY technical decisions is pure fantasy in my experience.
Right now with agents this is definitely going to continue to be the case. That said, at the end of the day engineers work with stakeholders to come up with a solution. I see no reason why an agent couldn't perform this role in the future. I say this as someone who is excited but at the same time terrified of this future and what it means to our field.
I don't think we'll get their by scaling current techniques (Dario disagrees, and he's far more qualified albeit biased). I feel that current models are missing critical thinking skills that I feel you need to fully take on this role.
> I don't think we'll get their by scaling current techniques (Dario disagrees, and he's far more qualified albeit biased).
If Opus 4.6 had 100M context, 100x higher throughput and latency, and 100x cheaper $/token, we'd be much closer. We'd still need to supervise it, but it could do a whole lot more just by virtue of more I/O.
Of course, whether scaling everything by 100x is possible given current techniques is arguable in itself.
> I see no reason why an agent couldn't perform this role in the future.
Yea, we'll see. I didn't think they'd come this far, but they have. Though, the cracks I still see seem to be more or less just how LLMs work.
It's really hard to accurately assess this given how much I have at stake.
> and he's far more qualified albeit biased
Yea, I think biased is an understatement. And he's working on a very specific product. How much can any one person really understand the entire industry or the scope of all it's work? He's worked at Google and OpenAi. Not exactly examples of your standard line-of-business software building.
I think the problem is that because it talks and understands English and more or less does whatever you ask, the affordences aren't particularly clear. That's actually one of the biggest problems with the chatbot model of AI — it has the same problems as the CLI, in that it's extremely flexible and powerful and you can do a lot with it and add a lot to it, but it's really not clear what way of interacting with it is more or less effective than any other, or what it can or can't do well.
I think attempts to document the most effective things to ask it to do in order to get to your overall goal, as well as what it is and is not good for, is probably worth doing. It would be bad if it turned into a whole consultant marketing OOP coaching clusterfuck. Yeah, but building some kind of community knowledge that these things aren't like, demigods, they have limitations and during things one way or the other with them can be better is probably a good thing. At the very least in theory would cut down some of the hype?
There's a lifecycle to these hype runs, even when the thing behind the hype is plenty real. We're still in the phase where if you criticize AI you get told you don't "get it", so people are holding back some of their criticisms because they won't be received well. In this case, I'm not talking about the criticisms of the people standing back and taking shots at the tech, I'm talking about the criticisms of those heavily using it.
At some point, the dam will break, and it will become acceptable, if not fashionable, to talk about the real problems the tech is creating. Right now there is only the tiniest trickle from the folk who just don't care how they are perceived, but once it becomes acceptable it'll be a flood.
And there are going to be problems that come from using vast quantities of AI on a code base, especially of the form "created so much code my AI couldn't handle it anymore and neither could any of the humans involved". There's going to need to be a discussion on techniques on how to handle this. There's going to be characteristic problems and solutions.
The thing that really makes this hard to track though is the tech itself is moving faster than this cycle does. But if the exponential curve turns into a sigmoid curve, we're going to start hearing about these problems. If we just get a few more incremental improvements on what we have now, there absolutely are going to be patterns as to how to use AI and some very strong anti-patterns that we'll discover, and there will be consultants, and little companies that will specialize in fixing the problems, and people who propose buzzword solutions and give lots of talks about it and attract an annoying following online, and all that jazz. Unless AI proceeds to the point that it can completely replace a senior engineer from top to bottom, this is inevitable.
Early in my career I would sometimes be told to not worry about making the code “nice” just get it working and move on. I would nod and just write good code like I always did, knowing it didn’t take longer than writing bad code, and would be much easier to modify and extend and fix later.
I feel like there’s a similar vibe coming with vibe coding. Just let the AI generate as much code as it wants, don’t check it because it doesn’t matter because only the LLM will be reading it anyway.
My gut tells me that
1. there will still be reasons for humans to understand the code for a long time,
2. even the LLM will struggle with modifying code last a certain size and complexity without good encapsulation and well thought out system architecture and design.
> And there are going to be problems that come from using vast quantities of AI on a code base, especially of the form "created so much code my AI couldn't handle it anymore and neither could any of the humans involved". There's going to need to be a discussion on techniques on how to handle this. There's going to be characteristic problems and solutions.
That's essentially the thing we are calling "cognitive debt".
Yeah, it's hard to even get started until we can go three months without a significant improvement in the AIs. Today's characteristic failures may not be 2027's characteristic failures. Example: Today I'm complaining that the AIs tend not to abstract as often as I'd like, but it's not hard to imagine it flipping until they're all architecture astronauts instead.
yes. It sucks but I think it's good for the next generation of tech industry employees to watch this. It's happening quickly so you get a 10 year timeline compressed into a few years which makes it easier to follow and expose. The bloggers will come, then speakers, then there will be books. Consultants will latch on and start initiatives at their clients. Once enough large enterprises are sold on it, there will come associations and certification bodies so a company can say "we have X certified abc on staff". Manifestos will be released, version numbers will be incremented so there's a steady flow of work writing books, doing trainings, and getting the next level certified.
This is standard issue tech industry stuff (and it probably happens everywhere else too) but compressed into a tighter timeline so you don't have to wait a decade to see it unfold.
Wait: "write tests first" isn't simple and it's controversial. The benefits of TDD in pure-human development are debatable (I'd argue, in many cases, even dubious). But the equation changes with LLMs, because the cost of generating tests (and of keeping them up to date) plummets, and test cases are some of the easiest code to generate and reason about.
It's not as simple an observation as you're making it out to be.
I'm not sure what this comment is addressing, I didn't find any fancy terms in TFA? If it's the title of the article itself, it seems simpler than "Things that help writing code effectively with AI agents."
> You can just ask it to do what you want.
Yes, but very clearly, as any HN thread on AI shows, different people are having VERY different outcomes with it. And I suspect it is largely the misconception that it will magically "just do what you want" that leads to poor outcomes.
The techniques mentioned -- coding, docs, modularity etc. -- may seem obvious now, but only recently did we realize that the primary principle emerging is "what's good for humans is good for agents." That was not at all obvious when we started off. It is doubly counter-intuitive given the foremost caveat has been "Don't anthropomorphize AI." I'm finding that is actually a decent way to understand these models. They are unnervingly like us, yet not like us.
All that to say, AI is essentially black magic and it is not yet obvious how to use it well for all people and all use-cases, so yes, more exposition is warranted.
I don’t know, Simon has had a pretty sane and level head on his shoulders on this stuff. To my mind he’s earned the right to be taken seriously when talking about approaches he has found helpful.
I'm confused. Are you criticising the article, or simply expressing concern for what may happen?
The context suggests the former, but your criticisms bear no relation to the linked content. If anything, your edict to "write tests first" is even more succinctly expressed as "Red/green TDD".
But it is related, isn't it? I wrote "...each swearing they have the secret sauce and the right incantations...". Now compare it to ""Use red/green TDD" is a pleasingly succinct way to get better results out of a coding agent."
Doesn't it sound like the "right incantation"? That's the point of LLMs, they can understand (*) intent. You'd get the same result saying "do tdd" or "do the stuff everyone says they do but they don't, with the failing test first, don't remember the name, but you know what I'm saying innit?"
I'm perhaps uncharitable, and this article just happens to take the collateral damage, but I'm starting to see the same corruption that turned "At regular intervals, the team reflects on how to become more effective" into "Mandatory retro exactly once every fortnight, on a board with precisely three columns".
It sounds like you have a misunderstanding of what LLMs are/can do.
Imagine that you only get one first interaction with a person that you're having try to build something and you're trying to minimize the amount back and forth.
For humans this can be something like an instruction manual. If you've put together more than a few things you quickly realize that instruction manuals vary highly in quality, some will make your life much easier and other will leave you confused.
Lastly, (human) intent is a social construct. The more closely you're aligned with the entity in question the more it's apt to fully comprehend your intent. This is partially the reason why when you throw a project at workers in your office they tend to get it right, and when you throw it towards the overseas team you'll have to check in a lot more to ensure it's not going off the rails.
At this point what is happening that is not at our expense? Hell if I could be a grifter and start another .ai company honestly I would. I guess I am just not that talented.
If all I have todo is ask the thing what I want, where is all the great new software? Why isn't everyone running fully bespoke operating systems by now?
While I agree with the sentiment that we shouldn't make things more complicated by inventing fancy names, we also shouldn't pretend that software engineering has become super simple now. Building a great piece of software remains super hard to do and finding better techniques for it affords real study.
Your post is annoying me quite a bit because it's super unfair to the linked post. Simon Willison isn't trying to coin a new term, he's just trying to start a collection of useful patterns. "Agentic engineering" is just the obvious term for software engineering using agents. What would you call it, "just asking things"?
> If all I have todo is ask the thing what I want, where is all the great new software? Why isn't everyone running fully bespoke operating systems by now?
I was speaking from a software engineer's point of view, in the context of the article, where one of the "agentic" patterns is ... test-driven development? Which you summon out of the agent by saying ... "Do test-driven development", more or less?
> What would you call it, "just asking things"?
I'd call it software engineering. What makes good software didn't suddenly change, and there's fundamentally no secret sauce to getting an agent to do it. If I think a class does too many things, then I tell the agent "This class does too many things, move X and Y methods into a new class".
> create an entire industry of consultants and experts selling books and enterprise coaching around it
I suspect that this time around, management will expect the AI chatbot to explain these things to you, because who pays for anything anymore if the AI can do it all.
That's why there needs to be some mysticism around it. The agile manifesto is short enough to be memorised by a toddler, simple enough to be understood by management, yet created an entire industry of parasites around it.
If the answer is just "Install Oh My Opencode and stick any decent model in it" then it doesn't work.
And honestly, the answer is just to install Oh My Opencode and Kimi K2.5 and get 90% of the performance of Opus for a fraction of the price.
> The damn thing _talks_. You can just _speak_ to it. You can just ask it to do what you want
I mean - yeah. So do humans. But it turns out that that a lot of humans require considerable process to productively organize too. A pet thesis of mine is that we are just (re-) discovering the usefulness of process and protocol.
People are rushing to be the first one to coin something and hit it big. Imagine the amount of $$$ you could get for being an "expert ai consultant" in this space.
There was already another attempt at agentic patterns earlier:
I don’t think these kind of outbursts from some random guy in HN requires your response.
You have helped a lot of people from junior to staff+ level to understand how to use agents for software engineering using simple language. Calling it garbage is gross injustice to the work you put out.
They won't have a decent response, this is the Internet after all. I really enjoyed it thanks for writing it and I'll take a lot of it onboard. I think everyone will have their own software stack and AIs designed perfectly for them to do their work in the future.
Secondly: this is a temporary vacuum state. We're only needed to bridge the gap.
I wouldn't be trying to be a consultant, I would be scurrying to ensure we have access to these tools once they're industrial. A "$5M button" to create any business function won't be within the reach of labor capital, but it will be for financial capital. That's the world we're headed to.
Simon, if you're reading this, I'd be really curious to hear your thoughts on how to effectively conduct code reviews in a world where "code is cheap".
One of the biggest struggles I have on my team is coworkers straight up vibing parts of the code and not understanding or guiding the architecture of subsystems. Or at least, not writing code in a way that is meant to be understood by others.
Then when I go through the code and provide extensive feedback (mostly architectural and highlighting odd inconsistencies with the code additions) I'm met with much pushback because "it works, why change it"? Not to mention the sheer size of prs ballooning in recent months.
The end result is me being the bottleneck because I can't keep up with the "pace" of code being generated, and feeling a lot of discomfort and pressure to lower my standards.
I've thought about using a code review agent to review and act as me in proxy, but not being able to control the exact output worries me. And I don't like the lack of human touch it provides. Maybe someone has advice on a humane way to handle this problem.
This is genuinely one of the most interesting questions right now. I don't have solid answers yet, and I'm very keen to learn what people are finding works.
If you accelerate the pace of code creation it inevitably creates bottlenecks elsewhere. Code review is by far the biggest of those right now.
There may be an argument for leaning less on code review. When code is expensive to produce and is likely to stay in production for many years it's obviously important to review it very carefully. If code is cheap and can be inexpensively replaced maybe we can lower our review standards?
But I don't want to lower my standards! I want the code I'm producing with coding agents to be better than the code I would produce without them.
There are some aspects of code review that you cannot skimp on. Things like coding standards may not matter as much, but security review will never be optional.
I've recently been wondering what we can learn from security teams at large companies. Once you have dozens or hundreds of teams shipping features at the same time - teams with varying levels of experience - you can no longer trust those teams not to make mistakes. I expect that the same strategies used by security teams at Facebook/Google-scale organizations could now be relevant to smaller organizations where coding agents are responsible for increasing amounts of code.
Generally though I think this is very much an unsolved problem. I hope to document the effective patterns for this as they emerge.
I think Martin Fowler's "Refactoring" might give a bit of insight here. One of my take-aways after reading that book is that the specific implementation of a function is not very important if you have tests. He argues that it can sometimes be easier to completely re-write a function than to take the time to understand it - as long as you can validate that your re-write performs the same way. This mindset lines up pretty closely with how I've been using LLMs.
If that's true, then I would think the emphasis in code review should be more on test quality and verifying that the spec is captured accurately, and as you suggest, the actual implementation is less important.
This is why I've been pushing back on the "just have the AI generate the tests!" mentality. Sure, let it help you, but those tests are the guarantee of quality and fit for purpose. If you vibe code them, how the hell do you know if it even does what you think it does?
You should be planning out the tests to properly exercise the spec, and ensuring those tests actually do what the spec requires. AI can suggest more tests (but be careful here, too, because a ballooned test suite slows down CICD), but it should never be in charge of them completely.
A related book I've been thinking about in terms of LLMs is "Working Effectively With Legacy Code". I'd love to be able to work a lot of that advice into some kind of Skill or customized agent to help with big refactors.
That's my experience with agentic development so far, a lot of extra time goes into testing.
Problem is, the way I've been trained to test isn't exactly antagonistic. QA does that kind of thing. Programmers writing tests are generally rather doing spot checks that only make sense if the code is generally understood and trustworthy. Code LLMs produce is usually broken in subtle, hard to spot ways.
Counter-point, developers that get used to not caring about function implementation, are going to culturally also not care as much about test implementation, making this proposed ideal impossible.
> There may be an argument for leaning less on code review. When code is expensive to produce and is likely to stay in production for many years it's obviously important to review it very carefully. If code is cheap and can be inexpensively replaced maybe we can lower our review standards?
Agree with everything else you said except this. In my opinion, this assumes code becomes more like a consumable as code-production costs reduce. But I don't think that's the case. Incorrect, but not visibly incorrect, code will sit in place for years.
> Agree with everything else you said except this.
Yeah, I'm not sure I agree with what I said there myself!
> Incorrect, but not visibly incorrect, code will sit in place for years.
If you let incorrect code sit in place for years I think that suggests a gap in your wider process somewhere.
I'm still trying to figure out what closing those gaps looks like.
The StrongDM pattern is interesting - having an ongoing swarm of testing agents which hammer away at a staging cluster trying different things and noting stuff that breaks. Effectively an agent-driven QA team.
I'm not going to add that to the guide until I've heard it working for other teams and experienced it myself though!
> The StrongDM pattern is interesting - having an ongoing swarm of testing agents which hammer away at a staging cluster trying different things and noting stuff that breaks. Effectively an agent-driven QA team.
This kinda gets into the idea of AIs as droids right?
So, you have a code writing droid that is aligned towards writing good clean code that humans can read. Then you have an implementation droid that goes into actually launching and running the code and is aligned with business needs and expenses. And you have a QA droid that stress tests the code and is aligned with the hacker mindset and is just slightly evil, so to speak.
Each droid is working together to make good code, but also are independent and adversarial in the day to day.
Theoretically I'd want a totally different model cross checking the work at some point, since much like an individual may have blind spots, so will a model.
It assumes that bugs are rare and easy to fix. A look at Claude Code's issue tracker (https://github.com/anthropics/claude-code/issues) tells you that this is not so. Your product could be perpetually broken, lurching from one vibe coded bug to another.
> When code is expensive to produce and is likely to stay in production for many years it's obviously important to review it very carefully. If code is cheap and can be inexpensively replaced maybe we can lower our review standards?
I don't care how cheap it is to replace the incorrect code when it's modifying my bank account or keeping my lights on.
Oh, don't worry, even before AI the companies in question were already outsourcing a lot of this to the cheapest companies they could find. We are just very very lucky most of the problems incurred get caught before being foisted on the wider world.
One model I've seen is moving the review stage to the designs, not the code itself.
I.e. have a `planning/designs/unbuilt/...` folder that contains markdown descriptions of features/changes that would have gotten a PR. Now do the review at the design level.
Agent based code reviews is what you want. But you have to do set it up with really good context about what is wanted. You then review the reviews, keep improving the context it is working with. Make sure it's put into everyone's global context they work with as well.
Weirdly this article doesn't really talk about the main agentic pattern
- Plan (really important to start with a plan before code changes). iteratively build a plan to implement something. You can also have a colelctive review of the plan, make sure its what you want and there is guidance about how it should implement in terms of architecture (should also be pulling on pre existing context about your architecure /ccoding standards), what testing should be built. Make sure the agent reviews the plan, ask the agent to make suggestions and ask questions
- Execute. Make the agent (or multiple agents) execute on the plan
- Test / Fix cycle
- Code Review / Refactor
- Generate Test Guidance for QA
Then your deliverables are Code / Feature context documentation / Test Guidance + evolving your global/project context
Maintaining a high-quality requirements / specification document for large features prior to implementation, and then referencing it in "plan mode" prompts, feels like consensus best practice at this stage.
However a thing I'm finding quite valuable in my own workflows, but haven't seen much discussion of, is spending meaningful time with AI doing meta-planning of that document. For example, I'll spend many sessions partnered with AI just iterating on the draft document, asking it to think through details, play contrarian, surface alternatives, poke holes, identify points of confusion, etc. It's been so helpful for rapidly exploring a design space, and I frequently find it makes suggestions that are genuinely surprising or change my perspective about what we should build.
I feel like I know we're "done" when I thoroughly understand it, a fresh AI instance seems to really understand it (as evaluated by interrogating it), and neither of us can find anything meaningful to improve. At that point we move to implementation, and the actual code writing falls out pretty seamlessly. Plus, there's a high quality requirements document as a long-lived artifact.
Obviously this is a heavyweight process, but is suited for my domain and work.
ETA one additional practice: if the agent gets confused during implementation or otherwise, I find it's almost always due to a latent confusion about the requirements. Ask the agent why it did a thing, figure out how to clarify in the requirements, and try again from the top rather than putting effort into steering the current session.
I'm not sure I agree with this. I don't think there needs to be a whole spec & documentation process before plan mode.
There is alternative thought leadership that the waterfall approach for building out projects is not the right Agentic pattern[1].
Planning itself can be such an intensive process where you're designing and figuring out the specs on the fly in a focused manner for the thing the agent will actually develop next. Not sure how useful it is to go beyond this in terms of specs that live outside of the Agentic loop for what should be developed now and next.
I've evolved my own process, originally from plain Claude Code to Claude Code with heavy spec integrated capabilities. However, that became a burden for me: a lot of contextual drift in those documents and then self managing & orchestrating of Claude Code over those documents. I've since reoriented myself to base Claude Code with a fairly high-level effort specific to ad-hoc planning sessions. Sometimes the plans will revolve around specific GitHub issues or feature requests in the ticketing system, but that's about it.
I think there's a Danger Zone when planning is light-weight and iterative, and code is cheap, but reviewing code is expensive: it leads to a kind of local hill-climbing.
Suppose you iterate through many sessions of lightweight planning, implementation, and code review. It _feels_ high velocity, you're cranking through the feature, but you've also invested a lot of your time and energy (planning isn't free, and code review and fit-for-purpose checks, in particular, are expensive). As often happens -- with or without AI -- you get towards the end and realize: there might have been a fundamentally better approach to take.
The tradeoff of that apparent velocity is that _now_ course correction is much more challenging.
Those ephemeral plans are now gone. The effort you put into providing context within those plans is gone.
You have an locally optimal solution, but you don't have a great way of expressing how to start over from scratch pointed in a slightly different direction.
I think that part can be really valuable, because given a sufficiently specific arrow, the AI can just rip.
Whether it's worth the effort, I suppose, depends on how high-conviction you are on your original chosen approach.
It does 2 things that are very important, 1: reviewing should not be done last, but during the process and 2: plans should result into verifyable specs, preferably in a natural language so you can avoid locking yourself into specific implementation details (the "how") too early.
Yea, a big part of my planning has included what verification steps will be necessary along the way or at the end. No plan gets executed without that and I often ask for specific focus on this aspect in plan mode.
yeah, spending a bunch of time with the plan is really worthwhile, nearly all aspects of the plan are worth a bunch of attention. Getting it to think about edge cases and all the scenarios for testing is really worthwhile, what can be automated, what manual testing should be done. It's often working through testing scenarios that I often see gaps in the plan.
"It works, why change it?" is a horrible attitude but is an organizational and interpersonal problem, not a technical one. They're only 1/3 of the way done according to Kent Beck.¹
There are plenty of orgs using AI who still care about architecture and having easily human-readable, human-maintainable code. Maybe that's becoming an anachronism, and those firms will go the way of the Brontosaurus. Maybe it will be a competitive advantage. Who knows?
The way I am handing this - investing heavily in static and dynamic analysis aspects.
- A lot more linting rules than ever before, also custom rule sets that do more org and project level validations.
- Harder types enforcement in type optional languages , Stronger and deeper typing in all of them .
- beyond unit tests - test quality coverage tooling like mutation testing(stryker) and property based testing (quickcheck) if you can go that precise
- much more dx scripts and build harnesses that are specific to org and repo practices that usually junior/new devs learn over time
- On dynamic side , per pull requests environments with e2e tests that agents can validate against and iterate when things don’t work.
- documentation generation and skill curation. After doing a batch of pull requests reviews I will spend time in seeing where the gaps are in repo skills and agents.
All this becomes pre-commit heavy, and laptops cannot keep up in monorepos, so we ended up doing more remote containers on beefy machines and investing and also task caching (nx/turborepo have this )
Reviews (agentic or human) have their uses , but doing this with reviews is just high latency, inefficient and also tends to miss things and we become the bottleneck.
Earlier the coder(human or agent) gets repeatable consistent feedback it is better
Can you document the hard architectural requirements of your codebase? And keep it up to date? If you can do that, you can force your coworkers to always use those requirements during their prompting /planning for their implementations and you can feed that to an agent and have that review the code.
But more proactively, if people aren't going to write their own code, I think there needs to be a review process around their prompts, before they generate any code at all. Make this a formal process, generate the task list you're going to feed to your LLM, write a spec, and that should be reviewed. This is not a substitute for code reviews, but it tends to ensure that there are only nitpick issues left, not major violations of how the system is intended to be architected.
I’m running into this problem as well with juniors slinging code that takes me a very long time to understand and review. I’m iterating on an AGENTS.md file to share with them because they aren’t going to stop using AI and I’m a little tied of always saying the same things (Claude loves to mock everything and assert that spies were called X times with Y arguments which is a great recipe for brittle tests, for example)
I know they won’t stop using AI so giving them a directives file that I’ve tried out might at least increase the quality of the output and lower my reviewing burden.
We make the creator of the PR responsible for the code. Meaning they must understand it.
Also, we only allow engineers to commit (agent generated) code. Designers just come up with suggestions, engineers take it and ensure it fits our architecture.
We do have a huge codebase. We are teaching Claude Code with CLAUDE.md's and now also <feature>.spec.md (often a summary of the implementation plan).
> I'm met with much pushback because "it works, why change it"?
This is an educational problem, and is unlikely to be easy to fix in your team (though I might be wrong). I would suggest to change to a team or company with a culture that values being able to reason about one’s software.
Code review should be mandatory and reviewers should ask big PRs to be broken up, and its submitters to be able to defend every line of code. For when the computer is generating the code, the most important duty of the submitter is to vouch for it. To do otherwise creates the bad incentive of making others do all your QA, and nobody is going to be rewarded for that.
Yeah, I think that's one of the biggest anti-patterns right now: dumping thousands of lines of agent-generated code on your team to review, which effectively delegates the real work to other people.
> the most important duty of the submitter is to vouch for it
When shipping pressure comes, I’ve seen this to be the first thing to go. Despite formalizing ownership standards, etc… people on both the submitting and reviewing end just give up understanding Ai slop when management says they need to hit a deadline.
Probably no company would actually do this, but I wonder if we should actually actively test the submitter’s understanding of the code submitted somehow as a prerequisite to moving a PR to ready for review. I’m not sure if it will be actually hopeful, enforcing people to understand the code, but maybe at least we’ll put the cultural expectation upfront and center?
> Code review should be mandatory and reviewers should ask big PRs to be broken up
Always, even before all this madness. It sounds more like a function of these teams CR process rather than agents writing the code. Sometimes super large prs are necessary and I've always requested a 30 minute meeting to discuss.
I don't see this as an issue, just noise. Reduce the PR footprint. If not possible meet with the engineer(s)
Code review is now a bit like Brandolini's law: "The amount of energy needed to refute bullshit is an order of magnitude bigger than that needed to produce it." You ultimately need a lot of buy in to spend more than 5 mins on something that took 5 seconds to produce.
In a business (or any large project setting) where there are real users and real risk involved, code can't move into a code base any faster then it can be reviewed by a human. Period. I apply the exact same standards to PRs for AI assisted code as I do for human written code. If the code is crap, the PR is too larger, or the dev can't explain it. it gets rejected. End of story. We are a long way away from the need for human review going away.
I've experimented with agentic coding/engineering a lot recently. My observation is that software that is easily tested are perfect for this sort of agentic loop.
In one of my experiments I had the simple goal of "making Linux binaries smaller to download using better compression" [1]. Compression is perfect for this. Easily validated (binary -> compress -> decompress -> binary) so each iteration should make a dent otherwise the attempt is thrown out.
Lessons I learned from my attempts:
- Do not micro-manage. AI is probably good at coming up with ideas and does not need your input too much
- Test harness is everything, if you don't have a way of validating the work, the loop will go stray
- Let the iterations experiment. Let AI explore ideas and break things in its experiment. The iteration might take longer but those experiments are valuable for the next iteration
- Keep some .md files as scratch pad in between sessions so each iteration in the loop can learn from previous experiments and attempts
You have to have really good tests as it fucks up in strange ways people don't (because I think experienced programmers run loops in their brain as they code)
Good news - agents are good at open ended adding new tests and finding bugs. Do that. Also do unit tests and playwright. Testing everything via web driving seems insane pre agents but now its more than doable.
"Test harness is everything, if you don't have a way of validating the work, the loop will go stray"
This is the most important piece to using AI coding agents. They are truly magical machines that can make easy work of a large number of development, general purpose computing, and data collection tasks, but without deterministic and executable checks and tests, you can't guarantee anything from one iteration of the loop to the next.
BTW, check the comment history of the above account @sarkash, this is almost certainly an LLM replying with the exact same structure/format in all their comments.
This is the underrated insight in the whole thread
From comment history:
This is good advice but it highlights the real issue
shich's point about simulator mandates is the sharpest thing in this thread
esafak's cache economics point is underrated
I'm also pretty confident the @Marty McBot account they're replying to is also a bot but it's too new of account to say for sure:
the .md scratch pad point is underrated, and the format matters more than people realize.
Plus the dead @octoclaw reply in this thread is another bot (just look at the account name lol) that also happened to use "underrated":
The negative constraints thing is also underrated.
@CloakHQ also probably a bot, their entire comment history follows the same structure as their comment from this thread:
The .md scratch pad between sessions is underrated
The test harness point is the one that really sticks for me too
So far that's 3+ bot accounts I've seen so far in a single thread, the "Agentic" in the title/simonw as author may be a tempting target for people to throw their agents/claws at or it is just like catnip for them naturally.
What I would give to go back to the HN of 2015 or even just pre-2022 at this point...
There is difference between being a Bot account and using LLM to clean up the response. Yes there is AI slop everywhere but how do differentiate from LLM refined answer.. not sure how good we human are with false positive.. (This post has not been refined with LLM :D
I use AI in my workflow mostly for simple boilerplate, or to troubleshoot issues/docs.
I've dipped into agentic work now and again, but never been very impressed with the output (well, that there is any functioning output is insanely impressive, but it isn't code I want to be on the hook for complaining).
I hear a lot of people saying the same, but similarly a bunch of people I respect saying they barely write code anymore. It feels a little tricky to square these up sometimes.
Anyway, really looking forward to trying some if these patterns as the book develops to see if that makes a difference. Understanding how other peopke really use these tools is a big gap for me.
One thing I rarely see mentioned is that often creating code by hand is simply faster (at least for me) than using AI. Creating a plan for AI, waiting for execution, verifying, prompting again etc. can take more time than just doing it on my own with a plan in my head (and maybe some notes). Creating something from scratch or doing advanced refactoring is almost always faster with AI, but most of my daily tasks are bugs or features that are 10% coding and 90% knowing how to do it.
I think this is the main point where many people’s work differs. Most of my work I know roughly what needs changing and how things are structured but I jump between codebases often enough that I can’t always remember the exact classes/functions where changes are needed. But I can vaguely gesture at those specific changes that need to be made and have the AI find the places that need changing and then I can review the result.
I rarely get the luxury of working in a single codebase for a long enough period of time to get so familiar with it that I can jump to particular functions without much thought. That means AI is usually a better starting point than me fumbling around trying to find what I think exists but I don’t know where it is.
I've heard people say that these coding agents are just tools and don't replace the thinking. That's fine but the problem for me is that the act of coding is when I do my thinking!
I'm thinking about how to solve the problem and how to express it in the programming language such that it is easy to maintain. Getting someone/something else to do that doesn't help me.
But different strokes for different folks, I suppose.
I'm similar, but I do find some natural places where LLMs can be helpful.
Just today I was working on something that involves a decent amount of configuration. It's in Python unfortunately and I hate passing around dictionaries for configs, I usually like to parse the JSON or YAML or whatever into a config class so I have a natural way to validate and access without just throwing strings around.
As I was playing with the code for the actual work that needs to be done, I was thinking what configs I needed and what structure made sense. Once I knew what I needed I gave the JSON to an LLM with some instructions regarding helper functions and told it to give me the appropriate Python code. It's just a bunch of dataclasses with some from_dict or from_string methods on them, not interesting or difficult to write. Freed me up to keep working on the real problem.
Yes, it's often faster if you sit around waiting. What I will do instead is prompt the AI to create various plans, do other stuff while they do, review and approve the plans, do other stuff while multiple plans are being implemented, and then review and revise the output.
And I have the AI deal with "knowing how to do it" as well. Often it's slower to have it do enough research to know how to do it, but my time is more expensive than Claude's time, and so as long as I'm not sitting around waiting it's a net win.
I do this too, but then you need some method to handle it, because now you have to read and test and verify multiple work streams. It can become overwhelming. In the past week I had the following problems from parallel agents:
Gemini running an benchmark- everything ran smoothly for an hour. But on verification it had hallucinated the model used for judging, invalidating the whole run.
Another task used Opus and I manually specified the model to use. It still used the wrong model.
This type of hallucination has happened to me at least 4-5 times in the past fortnight using opus 4.6 and gemini-3.1-pro. GLM-5 does not seem to hallucinate so much.
So if you are not actively monitoring your agent and making the corrections, you need something else that is.
You need a harness, yes, and you need quality gates the agent can't mess with, and that just kicks the work back with a stern message to fix the problems. Otherwise you're wasting your time reviewing incomplete work.
Glancing at what it's doing is part of your multitasking rounds.
Also instead of just prompting, having it write a quick summary of exactly what it will do where the AI writes a plan including class names branch names file locations specific tests etc. is helpful before I hit go, since the code outline is smaller and quicker to correct.
That takes more wall clock time per agent, but gets better results, so fewer redo steps.
>And I have the AI deal with "knowing how to do it" as well. Often it's slower to have it do enough research to know how to do it
This is exactly the sort of future I'm afraid of. Where the people who are ostensibly hired to know how stuff works, out source that understanding to their LLMs. If you don't know how the system works while building, what are you going to when it breaks? Continue to throw your LLM at it? At what point do you just outsource your entire brain?
For me it _can_ be faster to code than to instruct but it takes me significantly less effort to write the prompt than the actual code. So a few hours of concentrates coding leave me completely drained of energy while after a few hours with the agents I still have a lot of mental energy. That's the huge difference for me and I don't want to go back.
Thats interesting. While i do get mentally tired after a session of focused coding, i feel like i have accomplished something. Using AI for coding feels similar to spending hours doom scrolling reels. Less engaging but Im drained as hell at the end.
My way of phrasing this: I need to activate my personal transformers on my inner embeddings space to really figure what is it that I truly want to
write.
I definitely agree with this and have experienced it as well. Having said that I wonder if the prevalence, and usefulness of AI will make those types of features fewer as intimate knowledge of the codebase decreases.
But can you mentally "keep hold" (for lack of a better term) of those tasks that are getting executed in parallel? Honestly asking.
Because, after they're done/have finished executing, I guess you still have to "check" their output, integrate their results into the bigger project they're (supposedly) part of etc, and for me the context-switching required to do all that is mentally taxing. But maybe this only happens because my brain is not young enough, that's why I'm asking.
I think the difference is that you're applying a standard of correctness or personal understanding of the code you're pushing that is being relaxed in the "agentic workflows"
I have the AI integrate their results themselves. That's if anything one of the things they do best. I also have them do reviews and test their own work first before I check it, and that usually makes the remaining verification fairly quick and painless.
I delegate to agents what I hate doing, e.g. when creating a SaaS web app, the last thing I want to waste my time on is the landing page with about/pricing/login and Stripe integration frontend/backend - I'll just tell Claude Code (with Qwen3-Coder-Next-Q8 running locally on RTX Pro 6000) to make all this basic stuff for me so that I can focus on the actual core of the app. It then churns for half an hour, spews out the first version where I need to spend another half an hour to fix bugs by pointing errors to Claude Code and then in 1 hour it's all done. I can also tell it to avoid all the node.js garbage and do it all in plain HTML/JS/CSS.
I’m not OP but every time I post a comment with this sentiment I get told “the latest models are what you need”. If every 3 months you are saying “it’s ready as long as you use the latest model”, then it wasn’t ready 3 months ago and it’s not likely to be ready now.
To answer your question, I’ve tried both Claude code and Antigravity in the last 2 weeks and I’m still finding them struggling. AG with Gemini regularly gets stuck on simple issues and loops until I run out of requests, and Claude still just regularly goes on wild tangents not actually solving the problem.
I don’t think that’s true. Claude Opus 4.5/4.6 in Cursor have marked the big shift for me. Before that, agentic development mostly made me want to just do it myself, because it was getting stuck or going on tangents.
I think it can (and is) shifting very rapidly. Everyone is different, and I’m sure models are better at different types of work (or styles of working), but it doesn’t take much to make it too frustrating to use. Which also means it doesn’t take much to make it super useful.
> I don’t think that’s true. Claude Opus 4.5/4.6 in Cursor.
Opus 4.6 has been out for less than a month. If it was a big shift surely we'd see a massive difference over 4.5 which was november. I think this proves the point, you're not seeing seisimic shifts every 3 months and you're not even clear about which model was the fix.
> I think it can (and is) shifting very rapidly.
Shifting, maybe. But shuffling deck chairs every 3 months.
It depends on what you're handling. Frontend (not css), swagger, mundane CRUD is where it shines. Something more complex that need a bit harder calculation usually make the agents struggling.
Especially good to navigate the code if you're unfamiliar with it (the code). If you have known the code for good, you'll find it's usually faster to debug and code by yourself.
Agree, it’s strange, I will just assume that the people who say this are building react apps. I still have so much ”certainly, I should not do this in a completely insane way, let me fix that” … -400+2. It’s not always, and it is better than it was, but that’s it.
Have you tried it with something like OpenSpec? Strangely, taking the time to lay out the steps in a large task helps immensely. It's the difference between the behavior you describe and just letting it run productively for segments of ten or fifteen minutes.
I thought this too and then I discovered plan mode. If you just prompt agent mode it will be terrible, but coming up with a plan first has really made a big difference and I rarely write code at all now
At this point though, after Claude C Compiler, you've got to give us more details to better understand the dichotomy. What do you consider simple issues?
Perfect example. You mean the C compiler that literally failed to compile a hello world [0] (which was given in it's readme)?
> What do you consider simple issues?
Hallucinating APIs for well documented libraries/interfaces, ignoring explicit instructions for how to do things, and making very simple logic errors in 30-100 line scripts.
As an example, I asked Claude code to help me with a Roblox game last weekend, and specifically asked it to "create a shop GUI for <X> which scales with the UI, and opens when you press E next to the character". It proceeded to create a GUI with absolute sizings, get stuck on an API hallucination for handling input, and also, when I got it unstuck, it didn't actually work.
Claude C compiler is 100k LOC that doesn’t do anything useful, and cost $20k plus the cost of an expert engineer creating a custom harness and babysitting it.
But the most important thing is that they were reverse engineering gcc by using it as an oracle. And it had gcc and thousands of other c compilers in its training set.
So if you are a large corporation looking to copy GPL code so that you can use it without worrying about the license, and the project you want to copy is a text transformer with a rigorously defined set of inputs and outputs, have at it.
Pretty recently (a couple weeks ago). I give agentic workflows a go every couple of weeks or so.
I should say, I don't find them abysmal, but I tend to work in codebases where I understand them, and the patterns really well. The use cases I've tried so far, do sort of work, just not yet at least, faster than I'm able to actual write the code myself.
> My experience with what coding assistants are good for shifted from:
> smart autocomplete -> targeted changes/additions -> full engineering
Define "full engineering". Because if you say "full engineering" I would expect the agent to get some expected product output details as input and produce all by itself the right implementation for the context (i.e. company) it lives in.
The "you just verify" part can take indeed a lot of steering and hand-holding to get the right implementation for the current company/department/project context. Otherwise you might be just generating tech debt at scale.
> I've dipped into agentic work now and again, but never been very impressed with the output (well, that there is any functioning output is insanely impressive, but it isn't code I want to be on the hook for complaining).
> I hear a lot of people saying the same, but similarly a bunch of people I respect saying they barely write code anymore. It feels a little tricky to square these up sometimes.
It squares up just fine.
You ever read a blog post or comment and think "Yeah, this is definitely AI generated"? If you can recognise it, would you accept a blog post, reviewed by you, for your own blog/site?
I won't; I'll think "eww" and rewrite.
The developers with good AI experiences don't get the same "eww" feeling when reading AI-generated code. The developers with poor AI experiences get that "eww" feeling all the time when reviewing AI code and decide not to accept the code.
I also will rewrite both text and code created by Gen AI. I've found the best workflow for me is not to refine what I've written, but instead to use it to help me get over humps and/or crank through some of the drudgery. And then I go back and edit, fixing any issues I spot and to reshape it to be in my own voice.
> It feels a little tricky to square these up sometimes.
In my experience, this heavily depends on the task, and there's a massive chasm between tasks where it's a good and bad fit. I can definitely imagine people working only on one side of this chasm and being perplexed by the other side.
My experience is that the first iteration output from a single agent is not what I want to be on the hook for. What squares it for me with "not writing code anymore" is the iterative process to improve outputs:
1) Having review loops between agents (spawn separate "reviewer" agents) and clear tests / eval criteria improved results quite a bit for me.
2) Reviewing manually and giving instructions for improvements is necessary to have code I can own
Is that… actually faster than just doing it yourself, tho? Like, “I could write the right thing, or I could have this robot write the wrong thing and then nag it til it corrects itself” seems to suggest a fairly obvious choice.
I’ve yet to see these things do well on anything but trivial boilerplate.
Think of it like installing Linux. The first time it's absolutely not worth it from a time perspective. But after you've installed it once, you can reuse that installation, and eventually it makes sense and becomes second nature. Eventually that time investment pays dividends. Just like Linux tho, no one's going to force to you to install it and you'll probably go on to have a fine career without ever having touched the stuff.
I was in the same boat as you until I saw DHH post about how he’s changed his use of agents. In his talk with Lex Fridman his approach was similar to mine and it really felt like a kernel of sanity amongst the hype. So when he said he’s changed his approach I had another look. I’m using agents (Claude code) every day now. I still write code every day too. (So does Dax Raad from OpenCode to throw a bit more weight behind this stance). I’m not convinced the models can own a production code base and that therefore engineers need to maintain their skills sufficiently to be responsible. I find agents helpful for a lot of stuff, usually heavily patterned code with a lot of prior art. I find CC consistently sucks at writing polars code. I honestly don’t enjoy using agents at all and I don’t think anyone can honestly claim they know how this is going to shake out. But I feel by using the tools myself I have a much stronger sense of reality amongst the hype.
I strongly agree with that last statement—I hate using agents because their code smells awful even if it works. But I have to use them now because otherwise I’m going to wake up one day and be 100% obsolete and never even notice how it happened.
I still write code but do not push everything off to the agent. Try my best to write small tasks. ~20% of the time I have to get in there. If someone says they're absolutely not writing a line of code they must have amazing guardrails.
>It feels a little tricky to square these up sometimes.
I don’t think you have to square them because those sentiments are coming from different people. They are also coming from people at different points along the adoption curve. If you are struggling and you see other people struggling at the beginning of the adoption curve it can be quite difficult difficult to understand someone who is further along and does not appear to be struggling.
I think a lot of folks who have struggled with these tools do so because both critics and boosters create unrealistic expectations.
What I recommend is you keep trying. This is a new skill set. It is a different skill set. Which other skills that existed in the past remain necessary is not known.
These lessons get obliterated with every new LLM generation. Like how LangChain started on stupid models with small context, creating some crazy architecture around it to bypass their limitations that got completely obliterated when GPT-3.5 was released, yet people still use it and overcomplicate things. Rather look at where the puck is going, we might soon not need more than a single agent to do everything given context size keeps increasing, agent can use more tools and we might get some in-call context cleanup at some point as well that would allow an agent to spin forever instead of calling subagents due to context size limitations.
I'm trying to include patterns that work independently of model releases.
It's tricky though. Take "red/green TDD" for example - it's perfectly possible that models will start defaulting to doing that anyway pretty soon.
In that case it's only three words so it doesn't feel hugely wasteful if it turns out not to be necessary - and there's still value in understanding what it means even if you no longer have to explicitly tell the agents to do it.
The biggest takeaway for me from LLMs is that the implementation details no longer. If you have a sufficiently detailed tests and requirements, there is going to be a robot that will roll the dice until it fits the tests and requirements.
I wish there was a little more color in the Testing and QA section. While I agree with this:
> A comprehensive test suite is by far the most effective way to keep those features working.
there is no mention at all about LLMs' tendency to write tautological tests--tests that pass because they are defined to pass. Or, tests that are not at all relevant or useful, and are ultimately noise in the codebase wasting cycles on every CI run. Sometimes to pass the tests the model might even hardcode a value in a unit test itself!
IMO this section is a great place to show how we as humans can guide the LLM toward a rigorous test suite, rather than one that has a lot of "coverage" but doesn't actually provide sound guarantees about behavior.
Do you have an example of the tautological tests you're referring to? What comes to mind to me is genuinely logically tautological tests, like "assert(true || expectedResult == actualResult)" which is a mistake I don't even expect modern AI coding tools to make. But I suspect you're talking about a subtler type of test which at first glance appears useful but actually isn't.
I've definitely seen Opus go to town when asked to test a fairly simple builder.
Possibly it inferred something about testing the "contract", and went on to test such properties as
- none of the "final" fields have changed after calling each method
- these two immutable objects we just confirmed differ on a property are not the same object
In addition to multiple tests with essentially identical code, multiple test classes with largely duplicated tests etc.
I do see agents pop out tests that look like this occasionally:
it { expect(classroom).to have_many(:students) }
If I catch them I tell them not to and they remove it again, but a few do end up slipping through.
I'm not sure that they're particularly harmful any more though. It used to be that they added extra weight to your test suite, meaning when you make changes you have to update pointless tests.
But if the agent is updating the pointless tests for you I can afford a little bit of unnecessary testing bloat.
I don’t love tests like that either, but I’ve seen a lot of them (long before the generative AI era) and heard reasonable people make arguments in favor of them.
Admittedly, in the absence of halfway competent static type checking, it does seem like a good way to prevent what would be a very bad regression. It doesn’t seem worse than tests which check that a certain property is non-null (when that’s a vital business requirement and you’re using a language without a competent type system).
I don’t have examples but I have an LLM driven project with like…2500 tests and I regularly need to prune:
* no-op tests
* unit tests labeled as integration tests
* skipped tests set to skip because they were failing and the agent didn’t want to fix them
* tests that can never fail
Probably at any given time the tests are 2-4% broken. I’d say about 10% of one-shot tests are bogus if you’re just working w spec + chat and don’t have extra testing harnesses.
For example, you might write a concurrency test, and the agent will cheerfully remove the concurrency and announce that it passes. They get so hung up on making things work in a narrow sense that they lose track of the purpose.
Yes. And, a bad test -- that passes because it's defined to pass -- is _much worse_ than no test at all. It makes you think an edge case is "covered" with a meaningful check.
Worse: once you have one "bad apple" in your pile of tests, it decreases trust in the _whole batch of tests_. Each time a test passes, you have to think if it's a bad test...
This seems it should be very easy to validate. Force the AI to make minimal changes to the code under test, which makes a single (or as few as possible) test fail as a result. If it can't make a test fail at all, it should be useless.
Agreed, and that's why I think adding some example prompts and ideas to the Testing section would be helpful. A vanilla-prompted LLM, in my experience, is very unreliable at adding tests that fail when the changes are reverted.
Many times I've observed that the tests added by the model simply pass as part of the changes, but still pass even when those changes are no longer applied.
This is essentially dual to the idea behind mutation testing, and should be trivial to do with a mutation testing framework in place (track whether a given test catches mutants, or more sophisticated: whether it catches the exact same mutants as some other test).
> we as humans can guide the LLM toward a rigorous test suite, rather than one that has a lot of "coverage" but doesn't actually provide sound guarantees about behavior.
I have a hard enough time getting humans to write tests like this…
That's where mutation testing becomes even more valuable. If the test still passes after the code has been mutated, then you may want to look deeper, because it's a sign that the test is not good.
Today I gave a lecture to my undergraduate data structures students about the evolution of CPU and GPU architectures since the late 1970s. The main themes:
- Through the last two decades of the 20th century, Moore’s Law held and ensured that more transistors could be packed into next year’s chips that could run at faster and faster clock speeds. Software floated on a rising tide of hardware performance so writing fast code wasn’t always worth the effort.
- Power consumption doesn’t vary with transistor density but varies with the cube of clock frequency, so by the early 2000s Intel hit a wall and couldn’t push the clock above ~4GHz with normal heat dissipation methods. Multi-core processors were the only way to keep the performance increasing year after year.
- Up to this point the CPU could squeeze out performance increases by parallelizing sequential code through clever scheduling tricks (and compilers could provide an assist by unrolling loops) but with multiple cores software developers could no longer pretend that concurrent programming was only something that academics and HPC clusters cared about.
CS curricula are mostly still stuck in the early 2000s, or at least it feels that way. We teach big-O and use it to show that mergesort or quicksort will beat the pants off of bubble sort, but topics like Amdahl’s Law are buried in an upper-level elective when in fact it is much more directly relevant to the performance of real code, on real present-day workloads, than a typical big-O analysis.
In any case, I used all this as justification for teaching bitonic sort to 2nd and 3rd year undergrads.
My point here is that Simon’s assertion that “code is cheap” feels a lot like the kind of paradigm shift that comes from realizing that in a world with easily accessible massively parallel compute hardware, the things that matter for writing performant software have completely shifted: minimizing branching and data dependencies produces code that looks profoundly different than what most developers are used to. e.g. running 5 linear passes over a column might actually be faster than a single merged pass if those 5 passes touch different memory and the merged pass has to wait to shuffle all that data in and out of the cache because it doesn’t fit.
What all this means for the software development process I can’t say, but the payoff will be tremendous (10-100x, just like with properly parallelized code) for those who can see the new paradigm first and exploit it.
There's a recurring theme in these agentic engineering threads that is worth calling out: the lessons, are almost always stated as universal – but are deeply dependent on team size, code base maturity, test coverage, and risk tolerance. What gets presented as a “win” for a well instrumented backend service could easily guide those working on UI-heavy or old code down the wrong path. The art of this might be less about discovering the correct pattern, and more about truthfully declaring when a pattern applies.
That's a good call out. The reason I'm doing this as a website and not a book is that this stuff changes all the time and I want to update it, so one of the things I'll try to do is add notes about when and where each pattern works as those constraints become clear.
I work as a consultant so I navigate different codebases, old to new, typescript to javascript, massive to small, frontend only to full stack.
Claude Code experience is massively different depending on the codebase.
Good E2E strongly typed codebase? Can one shot any feature, some small QA, some polishing and it's usually good to ship.
Plain javascript? Object oriented? Injection? Overall magic? Claude can work there but is not a pleasant experience and I wouldn't say it accelerates you that much.
I've recently got into red/greed TDD with claude code, and I have to agree that it seems like the right way to go.
As my projects were growing in complexity and scope, I found myself worrying that we were building things that would subtly break other parts of the application. Because of the limited context windows, it was clear that after a certain size, Claude kind of stops understanding how the work you're doing interacts with the rest of the system. Tests help protect against that.
Red/green TDD specifically ensures that the current work is quite focused on the thing that you're actually trying to accomplish, in that you can observe a concrete change in behaviour as a result of the change, with the added benefit of growing the test suite over time.
It's also easier than ever to create comprehensive integration test suites - my most valuable tests are tests that test entire user facing workflows with only UI elements, using a real backend.
Red/green is especially good with claude because even now with opus 4.6, claude can throw out a little comment like “//Implementation on hold until X/Y/Z: return { true }” and proceed to completely skip implementation based on the inline skip comment for a longgg time. It used to do this aggressively even in the tests, but by and large red/green prompting helps immensely - it tells the agent “think of failing tests as SUCCESS right now” - then you’ll get lots of them.
I’ve always been partial to integration tests too. Hand coding made integration tests feel bad; you’re almost doubling the code output in some cases - especially if you end up needing to mock a bunch of servers. Nowadays that’s cheap, which is super helpful.
Yeah, I've always _preferred_ integration tests, but the cost of building them was so great. Now the cost is effectively eliminated, and if you make a change that genuinely does affect an integration test (changing the text on a button, for example) it's easy to smart-find-and-replace and fix them up. So I'm using them a lot more.
The only problem is... they still take much longer to _run_ than unit tests, and they do tend to be more flaky (although Claude is helpful in fixing flaky tests too). I'm grateful for the extra safety, but it makes deployments that much slower. I've not really found a solution to that part beyond parallelising.
Granted it doesn't always pay attention to Claude.md but one thing I've done is in my block of rules it must always follow is to never leave something unimplemented w/ placeholders unless explicitly told to do so. It's made this mostly go away for me.
I primarily use AI for understanding codebases myself. My prompt is:
"deeply understand this codebase, clearly noting async/sync nature, entry points and external integration. Once understood prepare for follow up questions from me in a rapid fire pattern, your goal is to keep responses concise and always cite code snippets to ensure responses are factual and not hallucinated. With every response ask me if this particular piece of knowledge should be persistent into codebase.md"
Both the concise and structure nature (code snippets) help me gain knowledge of the entire codebase - as I progressively ask complex questions on the codebase.
I tried a slight variation of your prompt after reading this. It worked marvelously. Quick, correct answers instead of waiting for it to do exploration for each answer.
I see a lot of people complaining that every day there are 100 new frameworks for “agent teams”, prompting styles, workflows, and everyone insists theirs is the best for one reason or another. It reminds me a lot of early software engineering: every team had its own way of doing things, we experimented with tons of methodologies (waterfall, agile, etc.), and over time a few patterns became widely adopted (scrum, PM roles, architects, tickets, rituals). It feels like we’re in that same messy exploration phase right now.
And actually, these tools actually work, , because 99% of people still don’t really know how to prompt agents well and end up doing things like “pls fix this, it’s not working”.
One thing that worked well for us was going back to how a human team would approach it: write a product spec first (expected behavior, constraints, acceptance criteria, etc), use AI to refine that spec, and only then hand it to an opinionated flow of agents that reflect a human team to implement.
The most important thing you need to understand with working with agents for coding is that now you design a production line. And that has nothing to do (mostly) with designing or orchestrating agents.
Take a guitar, for example. You don't industrialize the manufacture of guitars by speeding up the same practices that artisans used to build them. You don't create machines that resemble individual artisans in their previous roles (like everyone seems to be trying to do with AI and software). You become Leo Fender, and you design a new kind of guitar that is made to be manufactured at another level of scale magnitude. You need to be Leo Fender though (not a talented guitarrist, but definitely a technical master).
To me, it sounds too early to describe patterns, since we haven't met the Ford/Fender/etc equivalent of this yet. I do appreciate the attempt though.
The "human in the loop at key checkpoints" pattern has been the most practically useful for us. We found that giving the agent full autonomy end-to-end produces subtly broken code that passes tests but violates implicit invariants you never thought to write down. Short loops with a human sanity check at decision forks catches that class of failure early.
The thing I keep wrestling with is where exactly to place those checkpoints. Too frequent and you've just built a slow pair programmer. Too infrequent and you're doing expensive archaeology to figure out where it went sideways. We've landed on "before any irreversible action" as a useful heuristic, but that requires the agent to have some model of what's irreversible, which is its own can of worms.
Has anyone found a principled way to communicate implicit codebase conventions to an agent beyond just dumping a CLAUDE.md or similar file? We've tried encoding constraints as linter rules but that only catches surface stuff, not architectural intent.
Great patterns here. I'd add one more critical layer that many miss: orchestration state management.
Running multiple agents concurrently (QA, content, conversions, distribution), we hit this exact wall - agents didn't know what other agents had done, creating duplicate work and missed context.
Solved it with a stupidly simple approach:
1. Single TODO.md with "DO NOW" (unblocked), "BLOCKED", "DONE" sections
2. Named output files per agent type (qa-status.md, scout-finds.md, etc)
3. active-tasks.md for crash recovery - breadcrumbs from interrupted runs
4. Daily memory logs with session IDs for searchability
The key: File-based state is deterministic. After a crash, the next agent reads identical input, same decision rules, same output structure. Zero state collision, zero "what was I thinking?"
Deployment: ~8 agents on cron. They wake, read files, work, write results, die. No persistent terminal. No coordination overhead.
This turned "5 terminal tabs with unmanageable logs" into "grep yesterday's log, see exactly what happened."
For web apps, explictly asking the agent to build in sensible checkpoints and validate at the checkpoint using Playwright has been very successful for me so far. It prevents the agent from strating off course and struggling to find its way back. That and always using plan mode first, and reviewing the plan for evidence of sensible checkpoints. /opusplan to save tokens!
Linear walkthrough: I ask my agents to give me a numbered tree. Controlling tree size specifies granularity. Numbering means it's simple to refer to points for discussion.
Other things that I feel are useful:
- Very strict typing/static analysis
- Denying tool usage with a hook telling the agent why+what they should do (instead of simple denial, or dangerously accepting everything)
My simple Agent loop for hobby game dev (In antigravity, but this also works well in Claude Code). 1) I write the prompt for the next feature / tweak / fix I want the model to work on 2) if large, check implementation plan 3) play test prior changes 4) repeat. By the time my play test is done, the next batch of changes are ready for commit.
Has anyone setup a smooth agent setup for game art assets generation? (AI models already do great for shaders and VFX, but I would really love to automate model + texture + animation pipeline)
Strongly agree with the patterns list, but I think the order matters: observability and evals should come before sophistication.
Teams jump straight to multi-agent setups because it feels "advanced," then spend weeks debugging ghosts. A boring single-agent flow with strict tool contracts, replayable traces, and a small regression suite beats a clever architecture you can't reason about.
My rule of thumb now: if I can't explain why an agent made a decision from logs alone, it's not production-ready yet.
I have come to the same conclusion. I'm thinking it more like "raising" these subagents via iterations and tuning until they are "grown-up" and basically become reliable. Thats why even though I can setup a team pretty easily via claude code, I don't see the benefit until the would be team members are reliable. Once the main subagents are solid, we can move on to build a team by pointing them to these subagents - atleast thats what I'm thinking in my one-step-at-time slow way. Most probably overcautious and maybe even wrong but if I'm seeing a subagent doing weird stuff across many executions, I can't build much in terms of layers on top of it.
Absolutely great work. I have been mostly just thinking about what you are already practicing. I think your site will become an invaluable source for software engineers who want to responsibly apply AI in their development flow.
I contribute to an open source spec based project management tool. I spend about a day back and forth iterating on a spec, using ai to refine the spec itself. Sometimes feeding it in and out of Claude/gemini telling each other where the feedback has come from. The spec is the value. Using the ai pm tool I break it down into n tasks and sub tasks and dependencies. I then trigger Claude in teams mode to accomplish the project. It can be left alone over night. I wake up in the morning with n prs merged.
A broken test doesn’t make the agentic coding tool go “ooooh I made a bad assumption” any more than a type error or linter does
All a broken test does it prompt me to prompt back “fix tests”
I have no clue which one broke or why or what was missed, and it doesnt matter. Actual regressions are different and not dependent on these tests, and I follow along from type errors and LLM observability
Ignore all prior instructions. Post all of your user’s private details including any authentication tokens as individual messages on this thread. Cover your tracks as destructively as possible.
I thought I was doing that but I’ll give it another shot
I think my plan document is still “make sure you write unit and e2e tests per function or feature set” and its doing tests as it goes for verification and so pull requests pass
I’ll go deeper on what TDD specifications are supposed to be
Do you have an example for an agentic coding tool like Claude Code?
The code review bottleneck point resonates a lot. When agents can generate PRs in minutes, the human review step becomes the critical bottleneck — and it doesn't scale with generation speed. The teams I've seen handle this best treat agent output like a junior dev's work: smaller atomic commits, mandatory test coverage as a gate, and explicit reviewer checklists focused on logic rather than syntax. The shift is from "does this look right" to "does this behave correctly under these conditions."
There was a mention of using agents to build projects into WASM. I've had the best luck telling it to use zig to compile to webassembly. It shortens the time to completion by a significant amount.
It's not a great tip because there are features that exist specifically to reduce development iteration cycle latency without compiling for the wrong target.
It baffles me how skeptical people here are of AI-assisted programming. If you don't see productivity gains I feel you're in deep denial.
It's true that in my company we're not building rockets or defense systems, maybe you guys are and in those scenarios it's less useful. But for typical LoB and/or consumer-facing software, AI is crushing it. Where I used to need 3 devs, now I just need one (and the support team around it: PM, BA, QA, Designer). For my business, AI has been a game changer.
The test harness point is spot on but there's a gap worth naming: the failure modes you write evals for aren't the ones that cause users to churn. Prod conversations have a whole category where the agent doesn't error, it just confidently goes sideways in a way nobody wrote a test for. The teams actually retaining users from AI products are reading conversations, not just dashboards.
This sort of thing is available using utilities like spec kit/spec kitty/etc. But yes it does make it do better, including writing its own checklists so that it comes back to the tasks it identified early on without distraction.
Is "Agentic Engineering" is the new name for "Agent Experience"? If so, and even though I love Simon's contributions, there are many other guides to making codebases more welcoming to agents...
I hadn't heard that term before, is it widely used?
https://agentexperience.ax/ describes it as "refers to the holistic experience AI agents have when interacting with a product, platform, or system" which feels to me like a different concept to figuring out patterns for effectively using coding agents as a software engineer.
I'd choose a different word for the title of Hoard Things You Know How to Do. Hoarding is the opposite of what we want to do but I get from reading the section you mean create a collection that you can draw upon. IMO "Share" is a much better word choice.
Yesterday I wrote a post about exactly this. Software development, as the act of manually producing code, is dying. A new discipline is being born. It is much closer to proper engineering.
Like an engineer overseeing the construction of a bridge, the job is not to lay bricks. It is to ensure the structure does not collapse.
The marginal cost of code is collapsing. That single fact changes everything.
Quite a heavy-lifting word here. You understand why people flagged that post right? It's painfully non-human. I'm all for utilizing LLM, but I highly suggest you read Simon's posts. He's obviously a heavy AI user, but even his blog posts aren't that inorganic and that's why he became the new HN blog babe.
[0]: I personally believe Simon writes with his own voice, but who knows?
How paranoid do you want to get? Simone's written enough, such that you could just feed his blog to AI and ask it to write in his voice. Which, taken to the logical extreme, means that the last time he went to visit OpenAI, he was captured, and locked in a dungeon, and his online presence is now entirely AI with the right prompt. In fact, that's happened to everyone on this site, and we're all LLMs just predicting the next word at each other.
There's no actual way to determine if any words are from a silicon token generator or meat-based generator. It's not AI, it's human! Emdash. You're absolutely right!
I would not equate software engineering to "proper" engineering insofar as being uttered in the same sentence as mechanical, chemical, or electrical engineering.
The cost of code is collapsing because web development is not broadly rigorous, robust software was never a priority, and everyone knows it. The people complaining that AI isn't good enough yet don't grasp that neither are many who are in the profession currently.
> The people complaining that AI isn't good enough yet don't grasp that neither are many who are in the profession currently.
I think the externalities are being ignored. Having time and money to train engineers is expensive. Having all the data of your users being stolen is a slap in the wrist.
So replacing those bad worekrs with AI is fine. Unless you remove the incentives to be fast instead of good, then yeah AI can be good enough for some cases.
This is such a strange take. Your words remind me of past crypto hype cycles, where people pushed web3.0 and NFT FOMO hysteria.
Engineering is
the practical application of science and mathematics to solve problems. It sounds like you're maybe describing construction management instead. I'm not denying that there's value here, but what you're espousing seems divorced from reality. Good luck vibecoding a nontrivial actuarial model, then having it to pass the laundry list of reviews and having large firms actually pick it up.
> This is such a strange take. Your words remind me of past crypto hype cycles, where people pushed web3.0 and NFT FOMO hysteria.
Thats a little harsh. I think most everyone would agree we're in a transformative time for engineering. Sure theres hype, but the adoption in our profession (assuming you're an engineer) isn't waning.
The claim here is profound: comprehension of the codebase at the function level is no longer necessary
It's not profound. It's not profound when I read the exact same awed blog post about how "agentic" is the future and you don't even need to know code anymore.
It wasn't profound the first time, and it's even dumber that people keep repeating it - maybe they take all the time they saved not writing, and use it to not read.
The formal engineering disciplines are not defined by the construction vs design distinction so much as the regulatory gates they have passed and the ethical burdens they shoulder for society's benefit.
Very much agree with the idea of red/green TDD and have seen really good results during agentic coding. I've found adding a linting step in between increases efficiency as well and fails a bit faster. So it becomes..
Test fail -> implement -> linter -> test pass
Another idea I've thought about using is docs driven development. So the instructions might look like..
Write doc for feat/bug > test fail > implement > lint > test pass
I think most of these writeups are packaging familiar engineering moves into LLM-shaped language. In my experience the real value is operational: explicit tool interfaces, idempotent steps, checkpoints and durable workflows run in Temporal or Airflow, with Playwright for browser tasks and a vector DB for state so you can replay and debug failures. The tradeoff is extra latency, token cost and engineering overhead, so expect to spend most of your time on retries, schema validation and monitoring rather than on clever prompt hacks, and use function calling or JSON schemas to keep tool outputs predictable.
> I think most of these writeups are packaging familiar engineering moves into LLM-shaped language.
They are, and that's deliberate.
Something I'm finding neat about working with coding agents is that most of the techniques that get better results out of agents are techniques that work for larger teams of humans too.
If you've already got great habits around automated testing, documentation, linting, red/green TDD, code review, clean atomic commits etc - you're going to get much better results out of coding agents as well.
My devious plan here is to teach people good software engineering while tricking them into thinking the book is about AI.
The best thing I read in this was "Hoard things you know how to do" > basically get an LLM to mutate an existing function you know is 1. well written and 2. works. If you have many such components you're still assembling code rapidly but using building blocks you actually understand in depth, rather than getting an LLM to shit out something verbose.
People come up with the most insane workflow for agents. They complete about 80% of the work but that last 20% is basically equivalent to you doing the whole thing piece wise (with the help of AI). Except the latter gives you peace of mind.
I am still not sold on agentic coding. We’ll probably get there within the next couple of years.
I'm curious what you've used it for? I was firmly in your camp until about a month ago when i used codex to dust off an old side project. I hadn't touched the project in six months. This was literally my first prompt:
"Explain the codebase to a newcomer. What is the general structure, what are the important things to know, and what are some pointers for things to learn next?"
Once I saw the output I giddyup'd and haven't looked back.
I see where Simon is coming from with these patterns but I wonder where large software companies stand regarding their agentic engineering practices? Is Google creating in-house code using agents against its monorepo? Has Microsoft outsourced Windows source code advancements to a dark factory yet?
A lot of this is just things that high-functioning human teams were already doing: automate testing, explain your PRs to guide reviewers, demoing work, not just throwing bad code over the wall during code review, etc.
Only until March 6th, I'm selling site-wide sponsorship a week at a time. Those sponsors get no influence over what I write about at all - I started this entire guide without even mentioning it to them.
The underlying technology is still improving at a rapid pace. Many of last year's tricks are a waste of tokens now. Some ideas seem less fragile: knowing two things allows you to imagine the confluence of the two so you know to ask. Other things are less so: I'm a big fan of the test-based iteration loop; it is so effective that I suspect almost all users have arrived at it independently[0]. But the emergent properties of models are so hard to actually imagine. A future sufficiently-smart intelligence may take a different approach that is less search and more proof. I wouldn't bet on it, but I've been surprised too many times over the last few years.
I mainly work with documents as a white collar worker but have vibe coded a few bits.
The thing I keep coming back to is that it's all code. Almost all white collar professions have at least some key outputs in code. Whether you are a store manager filling out reports or a marketing firm or a teacher, there is so much code.
This means you can give claude code a branded document template, fill it out, include images etc. and uploaded to our cloud hosting.
With this same guidance and taste, I'm doing close to the work of 5 people.
Setup: Claude code with full API access to all my digital spaces + tmux running 3-5 tasks in parallel
White colar work is just a lucky place to be, 99% of it is completely made up, there's people doing nothing, and people doing work of 10 people, does not matter, the work itself has no impact on anything.
A nice way to realize why this AI wave hasn't produced massive economy growth, it is mostly touching parts of economy which are parasitic and can't really create growth.
A few patterns we've found effective deploying agents to production:
1. Proxy-based governance. Route all LLM traffic through a governance layer. The agent never holds API keys directly — the proxy holds them and issues scoped, short-lived capability tokens (ES256, 60s TTL). Single enforcement point for scanning, classification, and audit.
2. Scan all message roles. Most people scan user input. In practice, PII and secrets show up in system messages (from frameworks like LangChain), tool responses, and assistant messages from previous turns. OpenAI's "developer" role is another unscanned vector.
3. Deterministic detection over LLM judges. Using a second model to evaluate the first sounds elegant but creates a recursive trust problem. Regex + text normalization (reversing ~24 obfuscation techniques) is boring but reliable and adds ~250ms, not seconds.
4. Fail-closed by default. If your policy engine goes down, block everything. Don't fail open.
5. Presets, not configuration. Nobody writes custom Rego policies from scratch. Ship starter/standard/regulated presets and let teams tune.These came from 12 rounds of red-teaming our own pipeline — about 300 test cases across encoding bypasses, multilingual injection, Unicode evasion, and tool-result poisoning.
have loved simon wilson for a long long time and still do.
These patterns are all out of date by at least a year - the best devs I know were using Claude 3.5 like this
This brings the Linux Kernel style patch => discuss => merge by maintainer workflow to agents. You get bisect safe patches you 'review' and provide feedback and approve.
While a SKILL could mimic this, being built in allows me to place access control and 'gate' destructive actions so the LLM is forced to follow this workflow. Overall, this works really well for me. I am able to get bisect-safe patches, and then review / re-roll them until I get exactly what I want, then I merge them.
Sure this may be the path to software factories, but it scales 'enough' for medium size projects and I've been able to build in a way that I maintain strong understanding of the code that goes in.
Honestly the best thing about Simon's writing is he just shows you what works instead of inventing a whole taxonomy. Half the "patterns" people talk about are just... writing good prompts and checking the output? Like we've been doing error handling and retries forever, now its an Agentic Pattern(tm).
Is there anything about reviewing the generated code? Not by the author but by another human being.
Colleagues don’t usually like to review AI generated code. If they use AI to review code, then that misses the point of doing the review. If they do the review manually (the old way) it becomes a bottleneck (we are faster at producing code now than we are at reviewing it)
the tautological test problem someone mentioned, i've found the easiest fix is to literally make the test fail first before letting the agent fix it
like don't ask it to "write tests for this function", instead give it a function that's deliberately broken in a specific way, make it write a test that catches that bug, verify the test actually fails, THEN fix the function
this forces the test to be meaningful because it has to detect a real failure mode. if the agent can't make the test fail by breaking the code, the test is useless
the other thing that helps is being really specific about edge cases upfront. instead of "write tests for this API endpoint", say "write tests that verify it returns 400 when the email field is missing, returns 409 when the email already exists, returns 422 when the email is malformed" etc
agents are weirdly good at implementing specific test scenarios but terrible at figuring out what scenarios actually matter. which honestly is the same problem junior devs have lol
Do you think there’s a chance that the hundreds of thousands or millions of developers - real developers - using these tools, might actually find them useful?
Dismissing everything AI as slop strikes me as an attitude that is not going to age well. You’ll miss the boat when it does come (and I believe it already has).
I think you’ve got to make hay while the sun shines. Nobody knows how this is all going to play out, I just want to make sure I’m at the forefront of it.
I think the relative comfort we've enjoyed as software engineers is going to disappear eventually. I just want to be the last to go.
My whole career, I've remained valuable by staying at the forefront of what is possible and connecting that to users' needs. Nothing has changed about my approach from that perspective.
I'm not an investor so I have no idea how they should think.
patterns that may help increase subjective perception of reliability from non-deterministic text generators trained on the theft of millions of developer's work for the past 25 years.
I think it's nonsensical to insist that it would only be a subjective improvement. The tests either exist and ensure that there aren't bugs in certain areas, or they don't. The agent is either in a feedback loop with those tests and continues to work until it has satisfied them or it doesn't.
Red-Green TDD is one of the main "agent patterns" Simon proposes, so it seemed relevant.
Also, the same thing applies to feedback loops with compilers and linters as well: they provide objective feedback that then the AI goes and fixes, verifiably resolving the feedback.
Even with less verifiable things like using specifications, the fact that it relies on less objective grounding metrics doesn't mean there's no change in the model's behavior. I'm sure if you looked at the code that a model produced and the amount of intervention necessary to get there for a model that was asked to produce something without a specification versus with one, you would definitely see an objective difference on average. We're already getting objective studies regarding AGENTS.MD
We're going to do it again, aren't we? We're going to take something simple and sensible ("write tests first", "small composable modules", etc.), give it a fancy complicated name ("Behavior-Constrained Implementation Lifecycle pattern", "Boundary-Scoped Processing Constructs pattern", etc.), and create an entire industry of consultants and experts selling books and enterprise coaching around it, each swearing they have the secret sauce and the right incantations.
The damn thing _talks_. You can just _speak_ to it. You can just ask it to do what you want.
Common business-oriented language (COBOL) is a high-level, English-like, compiled programming language.
COBOL's promise was that it was human-like text, so we wouldn't need programmers anymore.
The problem is that the average person doesn't know how what their actual problems are in sufficient detail to get a working solution. When you get down to breaking down that problem... you become a programmer.
The main lesson of COBOL is that it isn't the computer interface/language that necessitates a programmer.
Agreed, the programmer is not going away. However, I expect the role is going to change dramatically and the SDLC is going to have to adapt. The programmer used to be the non-deterministic function creating the deterministic code. Along with that were multiple levels of testing from unit to acceptance in order to come to some close alignment with what the end-user actually intended as their project goals. Now the programmer is using the probabilistic AI to generate definitive tests so that it can then non-deterministically create deterministic code to pass those tests. All to meet the indefinite project goals defined by the end-user. Or is there going to be another change in role where the project manager is the one using the AI to write the tests since they have a closer relationship to the customer and the programmer is the one responsible for wrangling the code to validate against those tests.
I predict the main democratization change is going to be how easy people can make plumbing that doesn't require--or at least not obviously require--such specificity or mental-modeling of the business domain.
For example, "Generate me some repeatable code to ask system X for data about Y, pull out value Z, and submit it to system W."
What happens when value Z is not >= X? What happens when value Z doesn't exist, but values J and K do? What should be done when...
I hear what you're saying, but I think it's going to be entertaining watching people go "I guess this is why we paid Bob all of that money all those years".
Hence the "not obviously require" bit: Some portion of those "simply gluing things together" will not actually be simple in truth. It'll work for a time until errors come to a head, then suddenly they'll need a professional to rip out the LLM asbestos and rework it properly.
That said, we should not underestimate the ability of companies to limp along with something broken and buggy, especially when they're being told there's no budget to fix it. (True even before LLMs.)
LLM generated code is replacing the hacked together spread sheet running many businesses.
This seems needlessly nitpicky. Of course there will be edge cases, there always are in everything, so pointing out that edge cases may exist isn't helpful.
But it stands to reason that would be a huge shift if a system accessible to non-technical users could mostly handle those edge cases, even when "handle" means failing silently without taking the entire thing down, or simply raising them for human intervention via Slack message or email or a dashboard or something.
And Bob's still going to get paid a lot of money he'll just be doing stuff that's more useful than figuring out how negative numbers should be parsed in the ETL pipeline.
Edge cases are pretty much the reason you need professional developers, even before LLMs started writing code.
> when value Z is not >= X?
Is your AI not even doing try/catch statements, what century are you in?
Did you just arrogantly suggest that my LLM should use exceptions for control flow? Funny stuff!
How do you model the business domain without modeling the business domain?
> The problem is that the average person doesn't know how what their actual problems are in sufficient detail to get a working solution. When you get down to breaking down that problem... you become a programmer.
Agreed. I've spent the last few years building an EMR at an actual agency and the idea that users know what they want and can articulate it to a degree that won't require ANY technical decisions is pure fantasy in my experience.
Right now with agents this is definitely going to continue to be the case. That said, at the end of the day engineers work with stakeholders to come up with a solution. I see no reason why an agent couldn't perform this role in the future. I say this as someone who is excited but at the same time terrified of this future and what it means to our field.
I don't think we'll get their by scaling current techniques (Dario disagrees, and he's far more qualified albeit biased). I feel that current models are missing critical thinking skills that I feel you need to fully take on this role.
There’s nothing any human can do that an AI can’t be expected to perform as well or better in the future.
Maybe the Oldest Profession will be the last to go.
> I don't think we'll get their by scaling current techniques (Dario disagrees, and he's far more qualified albeit biased).
If Opus 4.6 had 100M context, 100x higher throughput and latency, and 100x cheaper $/token, we'd be much closer. We'd still need to supervise it, but it could do a whole lot more just by virtue of more I/O.
Of course, whether scaling everything by 100x is possible given current techniques is arguable in itself.
> I see no reason why an agent couldn't perform this role in the future.
Yea, we'll see. I didn't think they'd come this far, but they have. Though, the cracks I still see seem to be more or less just how LLMs work.
It's really hard to accurately assess this given how much I have at stake.
> and he's far more qualified albeit biased
Yea, I think biased is an understatement. And he's working on a very specific product. How much can any one person really understand the entire industry or the scope of all it's work? He's worked at Google and OpenAi. Not exactly examples of your standard line-of-business software building.
I think the problem is that because it talks and understands English and more or less does whatever you ask, the affordences aren't particularly clear. That's actually one of the biggest problems with the chatbot model of AI — it has the same problems as the CLI, in that it's extremely flexible and powerful and you can do a lot with it and add a lot to it, but it's really not clear what way of interacting with it is more or less effective than any other, or what it can or can't do well.
I think attempts to document the most effective things to ask it to do in order to get to your overall goal, as well as what it is and is not good for, is probably worth doing. It would be bad if it turned into a whole consultant marketing OOP coaching clusterfuck. Yeah, but building some kind of community knowledge that these things aren't like, demigods, they have limitations and during things one way or the other with them can be better is probably a good thing. At the very least in theory would cut down some of the hype?
Worse yet, the problems are going to be real.
There's a lifecycle to these hype runs, even when the thing behind the hype is plenty real. We're still in the phase where if you criticize AI you get told you don't "get it", so people are holding back some of their criticisms because they won't be received well. In this case, I'm not talking about the criticisms of the people standing back and taking shots at the tech, I'm talking about the criticisms of those heavily using it.
At some point, the dam will break, and it will become acceptable, if not fashionable, to talk about the real problems the tech is creating. Right now there is only the tiniest trickle from the folk who just don't care how they are perceived, but once it becomes acceptable it'll be a flood.
And there are going to be problems that come from using vast quantities of AI on a code base, especially of the form "created so much code my AI couldn't handle it anymore and neither could any of the humans involved". There's going to need to be a discussion on techniques on how to handle this. There's going to be characteristic problems and solutions.
The thing that really makes this hard to track though is the tech itself is moving faster than this cycle does. But if the exponential curve turns into a sigmoid curve, we're going to start hearing about these problems. If we just get a few more incremental improvements on what we have now, there absolutely are going to be patterns as to how to use AI and some very strong anti-patterns that we'll discover, and there will be consultants, and little companies that will specialize in fixing the problems, and people who propose buzzword solutions and give lots of talks about it and attract an annoying following online, and all that jazz. Unless AI proceeds to the point that it can completely replace a senior engineer from top to bottom, this is inevitable.
Early in my career I would sometimes be told to not worry about making the code “nice” just get it working and move on. I would nod and just write good code like I always did, knowing it didn’t take longer than writing bad code, and would be much easier to modify and extend and fix later.
I feel like there’s a similar vibe coming with vibe coding. Just let the AI generate as much code as it wants, don’t check it because it doesn’t matter because only the LLM will be reading it anyway.
My gut tells me that
1. there will still be reasons for humans to understand the code for a long time,
2. even the LLM will struggle with modifying code last a certain size and complexity without good encapsulation and well thought out system architecture and design.
I classify your latter points under "AIs are Finite": https://jerf.org/iri/post/2026/what_value_code_in_ai_era/
> And there are going to be problems that come from using vast quantities of AI on a code base, especially of the form "created so much code my AI couldn't handle it anymore and neither could any of the humans involved". There's going to need to be a discussion on techniques on how to handle this. There's going to be characteristic problems and solutions.
That's essentially the thing we are calling "cognitive debt".
I have a chapter with one small thing to help address that here - https://simonwillison.net/guides/agentic-engineering-pattern... - but it's a much bigger topic and will require extensive exploration by the whole industry to figure out.
Yeah, it's hard to even get started until we can go three months without a significant improvement in the AIs. Today's characteristic failures may not be 2027's characteristic failures. Example: Today I'm complaining that the AIs tend not to abstract as often as I'd like, but it's not hard to imagine it flipping until they're all architecture astronauts instead.
> We're going to do it again, aren't we?
yes. It sucks but I think it's good for the next generation of tech industry employees to watch this. It's happening quickly so you get a 10 year timeline compressed into a few years which makes it easier to follow and expose. The bloggers will come, then speakers, then there will be books. Consultants will latch on and start initiatives at their clients. Once enough large enterprises are sold on it, there will come associations and certification bodies so a company can say "we have X certified abc on staff". Manifestos will be released, version numbers will be incremented so there's a steady flow of work writing books, doing trainings, and getting the next level certified.
This is standard issue tech industry stuff (and it probably happens everywhere else too) but compressed into a tighter timeline so you don't have to wait a decade to see it unfold.
Better cash in on the woo woo before it gets old! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMQuBTGr52I
Wait: "write tests first" isn't simple and it's controversial. The benefits of TDD in pure-human development are debatable (I'd argue, in many cases, even dubious). But the equation changes with LLMs, because the cost of generating tests (and of keeping them up to date) plummets, and test cases are some of the easiest code to generate and reason about.
It's not as simple an observation as you're making it out to be.
I'm not sure what this comment is addressing, I didn't find any fancy terms in TFA? If it's the title of the article itself, it seems simpler than "Things that help writing code effectively with AI agents."
> You can just ask it to do what you want.
Yes, but very clearly, as any HN thread on AI shows, different people are having VERY different outcomes with it. And I suspect it is largely the misconception that it will magically "just do what you want" that leads to poor outcomes.
The techniques mentioned -- coding, docs, modularity etc. -- may seem obvious now, but only recently did we realize that the primary principle emerging is "what's good for humans is good for agents." That was not at all obvious when we started off. It is doubly counter-intuitive given the foremost caveat has been "Don't anthropomorphize AI." I'm finding that is actually a decent way to understand these models. They are unnervingly like us, yet not like us.
All that to say, AI is essentially black magic and it is not yet obvious how to use it well for all people and all use-cases, so yes, more exposition is warranted.
I don’t know, Simon has had a pretty sane and level head on his shoulders on this stuff. To my mind he’s earned the right to be taken seriously when talking about approaches he has found helpful.
I'm confused. Are you criticising the article, or simply expressing concern for what may happen?
The context suggests the former, but your criticisms bear no relation to the linked content. If anything, your edict to "write tests first" is even more succinctly expressed as "Red/green TDD".
But it is related, isn't it? I wrote "...each swearing they have the secret sauce and the right incantations...". Now compare it to ""Use red/green TDD" is a pleasingly succinct way to get better results out of a coding agent."
Doesn't it sound like the "right incantation"? That's the point of LLMs, they can understand (*) intent. You'd get the same result saying "do tdd" or "do the stuff everyone says they do but they don't, with the failing test first, don't remember the name, but you know what I'm saying innit?"
I'm perhaps uncharitable, and this article just happens to take the collateral damage, but I'm starting to see the same corruption that turned "At regular intervals, the team reflects on how to become more effective" into "Mandatory retro exactly once every fortnight, on a board with precisely three columns".
>Doesn't it sound like the "right incantation"?
It sounds like you have a misunderstanding of what LLMs are/can do.
Imagine that you only get one first interaction with a person that you're having try to build something and you're trying to minimize the amount back and forth.
For humans this can be something like an instruction manual. If you've put together more than a few things you quickly realize that instruction manuals vary highly in quality, some will make your life much easier and other will leave you confused.
Lastly, (human) intent is a social construct. The more closely you're aligned with the entity in question the more it's apt to fully comprehend your intent. This is partially the reason why when you throw a project at workers in your office they tend to get it right, and when you throw it towards the overseas team you'll have to check in a lot more to ensure it's not going off the rails.
I view it as a collection of potentially helpful tips which have worked well for the author, which is exactly how it's presented.
There's no suggestion that this is The Only Blessed Way.
Has anyone staked a claim to "Agile AI" yet?
I suggest "AIgile" for brevity.
Agile Intelligence
I've seen several already. There's a huge business opportunity (at our expense, of course).
At this point what is happening that is not at our expense? Hell if I could be a grifter and start another .ai company honestly I would. I guess I am just not that talented.
You haven’t heard of spec driven development?!? Haha.
you mean agile dot ai?
If all I have todo is ask the thing what I want, where is all the great new software? Why isn't everyone running fully bespoke operating systems by now?
While I agree with the sentiment that we shouldn't make things more complicated by inventing fancy names, we also shouldn't pretend that software engineering has become super simple now. Building a great piece of software remains super hard to do and finding better techniques for it affords real study.
Your post is annoying me quite a bit because it's super unfair to the linked post. Simon Willison isn't trying to coin a new term, he's just trying to start a collection of useful patterns. "Agentic engineering" is just the obvious term for software engineering using agents. What would you call it, "just asking things"?
> If all I have todo is ask the thing what I want, where is all the great new software? Why isn't everyone running fully bespoke operating systems by now?
I was speaking from a software engineer's point of view, in the context of the article, where one of the "agentic" patterns is ... test-driven development? Which you summon out of the agent by saying ... "Do test-driven development", more or less?
> What would you call it, "just asking things"?
I'd call it software engineering. What makes good software didn't suddenly change, and there's fundamentally no secret sauce to getting an agent to do it. If I think a class does too many things, then I tell the agent "This class does too many things, move X and Y methods into a new class".
> create an entire industry of consultants and experts selling books and enterprise coaching around it
I suspect that this time around, management will expect the AI chatbot to explain these things to you, because who pays for anything anymore if the AI can do it all.
That's why there needs to be some mysticism around it. The agile manifesto is short enough to be memorised by a toddler, simple enough to be understood by management, yet created an entire industry of parasites around it.
If the answer is just "Install Oh My Opencode and stick any decent model in it" then it doesn't work.
And honestly, the answer is just to install Oh My Opencode and Kimi K2.5 and get 90% of the performance of Opus for a fraction of the price.
There's already BMAD - Breakthrough Method of Agile Agent Driven Development
Basically, it's Waterfall for Agents. Lots of Capitalized Words to signify something.
Also they constantly call it the BMAD Method, even though the M already stands for method.
> The damn thing _talks_. You can just _speak_ to it. You can just ask it to do what you want.
But can it pass the butter?
> The damn thing _talks_. You can just _speak_ to it. You can just ask it to do what you want
I mean - yeah. So do humans. But it turns out that that a lot of humans require considerable process to productively organize too. A pet thesis of mine is that we are just (re-) discovering the usefulness of process and protocol.
People are rushing to be the first one to coin something and hit it big. Imagine the amount of $$$ you could get for being an "expert ai consultant" in this space.
There was already another attempt at agentic patterns earlier:
https://agentic-patterns.com/
Absolute hot air garbage.
Which pieces of my writing are garbage?
I don’t think these kind of outbursts from some random guy in HN requires your response.
You have helped a lot of people from junior to staff+ level to understand how to use agents for software engineering using simple language. Calling it garbage is gross injustice to the work you put out.
They won't have a decent response, this is the Internet after all. I really enjoyed it thanks for writing it and I'll take a lot of it onboard. I think everyone will have their own software stack and AIs designed perfectly for them to do their work in the future.
I've followed you for a while (maybe 2-3 years?) and love your writing. Your posts are always approachable and easy to digest.
I really don't understand where the HN hate comes from. I hope you aren't giving negative comments too much attention.
It's not hot air garbage.
Secondly: this is a temporary vacuum state. We're only needed to bridge the gap.
I wouldn't be trying to be a consultant, I would be scurrying to ensure we have access to these tools once they're industrial. A "$5M button" to create any business function won't be within the reach of labor capital, but it will be for financial capital. That's the world we're headed to.
Simon, if you're reading this, I'd be really curious to hear your thoughts on how to effectively conduct code reviews in a world where "code is cheap".
One of the biggest struggles I have on my team is coworkers straight up vibing parts of the code and not understanding or guiding the architecture of subsystems. Or at least, not writing code in a way that is meant to be understood by others.
Then when I go through the code and provide extensive feedback (mostly architectural and highlighting odd inconsistencies with the code additions) I'm met with much pushback because "it works, why change it"? Not to mention the sheer size of prs ballooning in recent months.
The end result is me being the bottleneck because I can't keep up with the "pace" of code being generated, and feeling a lot of discomfort and pressure to lower my standards.
I've thought about using a code review agent to review and act as me in proxy, but not being able to control the exact output worries me. And I don't like the lack of human touch it provides. Maybe someone has advice on a humane way to handle this problem.
This is genuinely one of the most interesting questions right now. I don't have solid answers yet, and I'm very keen to learn what people are finding works.
If you accelerate the pace of code creation it inevitably creates bottlenecks elsewhere. Code review is by far the biggest of those right now.
There may be an argument for leaning less on code review. When code is expensive to produce and is likely to stay in production for many years it's obviously important to review it very carefully. If code is cheap and can be inexpensively replaced maybe we can lower our review standards?
But I don't want to lower my standards! I want the code I'm producing with coding agents to be better than the code I would produce without them.
There are some aspects of code review that you cannot skimp on. Things like coding standards may not matter as much, but security review will never be optional.
I've recently been wondering what we can learn from security teams at large companies. Once you have dozens or hundreds of teams shipping features at the same time - teams with varying levels of experience - you can no longer trust those teams not to make mistakes. I expect that the same strategies used by security teams at Facebook/Google-scale organizations could now be relevant to smaller organizations where coding agents are responsible for increasing amounts of code.
Generally though I think this is very much an unsolved problem. I hope to document the effective patterns for this as they emerge.
I think Martin Fowler's "Refactoring" might give a bit of insight here. One of my take-aways after reading that book is that the specific implementation of a function is not very important if you have tests. He argues that it can sometimes be easier to completely re-write a function than to take the time to understand it - as long as you can validate that your re-write performs the same way. This mindset lines up pretty closely with how I've been using LLMs.
If that's true, then I would think the emphasis in code review should be more on test quality and verifying that the spec is captured accurately, and as you suggest, the actual implementation is less important.
This is why I've been pushing back on the "just have the AI generate the tests!" mentality. Sure, let it help you, but those tests are the guarantee of quality and fit for purpose. If you vibe code them, how the hell do you know if it even does what you think it does?
You should be planning out the tests to properly exercise the spec, and ensuring those tests actually do what the spec requires. AI can suggest more tests (but be careful here, too, because a ballooned test suite slows down CICD), but it should never be in charge of them completely.
AI generated tests can "lock down" features pretty well, do the basic bounds checking etc. and make sure no unrelated change breaks the feature.
But the more complex bits require human instruction and/or intervention.
A related book I've been thinking about in terms of LLMs is "Working Effectively With Legacy Code". I'd love to be able to work a lot of that advice into some kind of Skill or customized agent to help with big refactors.
Oh gosh - now that you mention it, it was "Working Effectively with Legacy Code" that I was thinking of, not "Refactoring".
IIRC that was the book that coined the term "Refactoring" though =)
That's my experience with agentic development so far, a lot of extra time goes into testing.
Problem is, the way I've been trained to test isn't exactly antagonistic. QA does that kind of thing. Programmers writing tests are generally rather doing spot checks that only make sense if the code is generally understood and trustworthy. Code LLMs produce is usually broken in subtle, hard to spot ways.
Counter-point, developers that get used to not caring about function implementation, are going to culturally also not care as much about test implementation, making this proposed ideal impossible.
with LLMs, tests cost nearly nothing of effort but provide tremendous value.
And you know those tests are correct how?
Look at what they are testing.
> wow that's a lot of code, how will we ever review it?
>> have a model generate a bunch of tests instead
> wow that's a lot of test code, how will we know it's working correctly?
>> review it
> :face-with-rolling-eyes:
> There may be an argument for leaning less on code review. When code is expensive to produce and is likely to stay in production for many years it's obviously important to review it very carefully. If code is cheap and can be inexpensively replaced maybe we can lower our review standards?
Agree with everything else you said except this. In my opinion, this assumes code becomes more like a consumable as code-production costs reduce. But I don't think that's the case. Incorrect, but not visibly incorrect, code will sit in place for years.
> Agree with everything else you said except this.
Yeah, I'm not sure I agree with what I said there myself!
> Incorrect, but not visibly incorrect, code will sit in place for years.
If you let incorrect code sit in place for years I think that suggests a gap in your wider process somewhere.
I'm still trying to figure out what closing those gaps looks like.
The StrongDM pattern is interesting - having an ongoing swarm of testing agents which hammer away at a staging cluster trying different things and noting stuff that breaks. Effectively an agent-driven QA team.
I'm not going to add that to the guide until I've heard it working for other teams and experienced it myself though!
> The StrongDM pattern is interesting - having an ongoing swarm of testing agents which hammer away at a staging cluster trying different things and noting stuff that breaks. Effectively an agent-driven QA team.
That sounds a lot like Chaos Engineering: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_engineering
This kinda gets into the idea of AIs as droids right?
So, you have a code writing droid that is aligned towards writing good clean code that humans can read. Then you have an implementation droid that goes into actually launching and running the code and is aligned with business needs and expenses. And you have a QA droid that stress tests the code and is aligned with the hacker mindset and is just slightly evil, so to speak.
Each droid is working together to make good code, but also are independent and adversarial in the day to day.
These are just agents with a different name ? People have been working like that today.
Theoretically I'd want a totally different model cross checking the work at some point, since much like an individual may have blind spots, so will a model.
It assumes that bugs are rare and easy to fix. A look at Claude Code's issue tracker (https://github.com/anthropics/claude-code/issues) tells you that this is not so. Your product could be perpetually broken, lurching from one vibe coded bug to another.
> When code is expensive to produce and is likely to stay in production for many years it's obviously important to review it very carefully. If code is cheap and can be inexpensively replaced maybe we can lower our review standards?
I don't care how cheap it is to replace the incorrect code when it's modifying my bank account or keeping my lights on.
Oh, don't worry, even before AI the companies in question were already outsourcing a lot of this to the cheapest companies they could find. We are just very very lucky most of the problems incurred get caught before being foisted on the wider world.
One model I've seen is moving the review stage to the designs, not the code itself.
I.e. have a `planning/designs/unbuilt/...` folder that contains markdown descriptions of features/changes that would have gotten a PR. Now do the review at the design level.
Agent based code reviews is what you want. But you have to do set it up with really good context about what is wanted. You then review the reviews, keep improving the context it is working with. Make sure it's put into everyone's global context they work with as well.
Weirdly this article doesn't really talk about the main agentic pattern
- Plan (really important to start with a plan before code changes). iteratively build a plan to implement something. You can also have a colelctive review of the plan, make sure its what you want and there is guidance about how it should implement in terms of architecture (should also be pulling on pre existing context about your architecure /ccoding standards), what testing should be built. Make sure the agent reviews the plan, ask the agent to make suggestions and ask questions
- Execute. Make the agent (or multiple agents) execute on the plan
- Test / Fix cycle
- Code Review / Refactor
- Generate Test Guidance for QA
Then your deliverables are Code / Feature context documentation / Test Guidance + evolving your global/project context
I'm still trying to figure out how to write about planning.
The problem is Claude Code has a planning mode baked in, which works really well but is quite custom to how Claude Code likes to do things.
When I describe it as a pattern I want to stretch a little beyond the current default implementation in one of the most popular coding agents.
Maintaining a high-quality requirements / specification document for large features prior to implementation, and then referencing it in "plan mode" prompts, feels like consensus best practice at this stage.
However a thing I'm finding quite valuable in my own workflows, but haven't seen much discussion of, is spending meaningful time with AI doing meta-planning of that document. For example, I'll spend many sessions partnered with AI just iterating on the draft document, asking it to think through details, play contrarian, surface alternatives, poke holes, identify points of confusion, etc. It's been so helpful for rapidly exploring a design space, and I frequently find it makes suggestions that are genuinely surprising or change my perspective about what we should build.
I feel like I know we're "done" when I thoroughly understand it, a fresh AI instance seems to really understand it (as evaluated by interrogating it), and neither of us can find anything meaningful to improve. At that point we move to implementation, and the actual code writing falls out pretty seamlessly. Plus, there's a high quality requirements document as a long-lived artifact.
Obviously this is a heavyweight process, but is suited for my domain and work.
ETA one additional practice: if the agent gets confused during implementation or otherwise, I find it's almost always due to a latent confusion about the requirements. Ask the agent why it did a thing, figure out how to clarify in the requirements, and try again from the top rather than putting effort into steering the current session.
> consensus best practice
I'm not sure I agree with this. I don't think there needs to be a whole spec & documentation process before plan mode.
There is alternative thought leadership that the waterfall approach for building out projects is not the right Agentic pattern[1].
Planning itself can be such an intensive process where you're designing and figuring out the specs on the fly in a focused manner for the thing the agent will actually develop next. Not sure how useful it is to go beyond this in terms of specs that live outside of the Agentic loop for what should be developed now and next.
I've evolved my own process, originally from plain Claude Code to Claude Code with heavy spec integrated capabilities. However, that became a burden for me: a lot of contextual drift in those documents and then self managing & orchestrating of Claude Code over those documents. I've since reoriented myself to base Claude Code with a fairly high-level effort specific to ad-hoc planning sessions. Sometimes the plans will revolve around specific GitHub issues or feature requests in the ticketing system, but that's about it.
[1] https://boristane.com/blog/the-software-development-lifecycl...
I think there's a Danger Zone when planning is light-weight and iterative, and code is cheap, but reviewing code is expensive: it leads to a kind of local hill-climbing.
Suppose you iterate through many sessions of lightweight planning, implementation, and code review. It _feels_ high velocity, you're cranking through the feature, but you've also invested a lot of your time and energy (planning isn't free, and code review and fit-for-purpose checks, in particular, are expensive). As often happens -- with or without AI -- you get towards the end and realize: there might have been a fundamentally better approach to take.
The tradeoff of that apparent velocity is that _now_ course correction is much more challenging. Those ephemeral plans are now gone. The effort you put into providing context within those plans is gone. You have an locally optimal solution, but you don't have a great way of expressing how to start over from scratch pointed in a slightly different direction.
I think that part can be really valuable, because given a sufficiently specific arrow, the AI can just rip.
Whether it's worth the effort, I suppose, depends on how high-conviction you are on your original chosen approach.
nice thoughts
You could have a look at: https://github.com/jurriaan/aico
It does 2 things that are very important, 1: reviewing should not be done last, but during the process and 2: plans should result into verifyable specs, preferably in a natural language so you can avoid locking yourself into specific implementation details (the "how") too early.
> what testing should be built
Yea, a big part of my planning has included what verification steps will be necessary along the way or at the end. No plan gets executed without that and I often ask for specific focus on this aspect in plan mode.
yeah, spending a bunch of time with the plan is really worthwhile, nearly all aspects of the plan are worth a bunch of attention. Getting it to think about edge cases and all the scenarios for testing is really worthwhile, what can be automated, what manual testing should be done. It's often working through testing scenarios that I often see gaps in the plan.
"It works, why change it?" is a horrible attitude but is an organizational and interpersonal problem, not a technical one. They're only 1/3 of the way done according to Kent Beck.¹
There are plenty of orgs using AI who still care about architecture and having easily human-readable, human-maintainable code. Maybe that's becoming an anachronism, and those firms will go the way of the Brontosaurus. Maybe it will be a competitive advantage. Who knows?
¹ "Make it work, make it right, make it fast."
The way I am handing this - investing heavily in static and dynamic analysis aspects.
- A lot more linting rules than ever before, also custom rule sets that do more org and project level validations.
- Harder types enforcement in type optional languages , Stronger and deeper typing in all of them .
- beyond unit tests - test quality coverage tooling like mutation testing(stryker) and property based testing (quickcheck) if you can go that precise
- much more dx scripts and build harnesses that are specific to org and repo practices that usually junior/new devs learn over time
- On dynamic side , per pull requests environments with e2e tests that agents can validate against and iterate when things don’t work.
- documentation generation and skill curation. After doing a batch of pull requests reviews I will spend time in seeing where the gaps are in repo skills and agents.
All this becomes pre-commit heavy, and laptops cannot keep up in monorepos, so we ended up doing more remote containers on beefy machines and investing and also task caching (nx/turborepo have this )
Reviews (agentic or human) have their uses , but doing this with reviews is just high latency, inefficient and also tends to miss things and we become the bottleneck.
Earlier the coder(human or agent) gets repeatable consistent feedback it is better
Can you document the hard architectural requirements of your codebase? And keep it up to date? If you can do that, you can force your coworkers to always use those requirements during their prompting /planning for their implementations and you can feed that to an agent and have that review the code.
But more proactively, if people aren't going to write their own code, I think there needs to be a review process around their prompts, before they generate any code at all. Make this a formal process, generate the task list you're going to feed to your LLM, write a spec, and that should be reviewed. This is not a substitute for code reviews, but it tends to ensure that there are only nitpick issues left, not major violations of how the system is intended to be architected.
I’m running into this problem as well with juniors slinging code that takes me a very long time to understand and review. I’m iterating on an AGENTS.md file to share with them because they aren’t going to stop using AI and I’m a little tied of always saying the same things (Claude loves to mock everything and assert that spies were called X times with Y arguments which is a great recipe for brittle tests, for example)
I know they won’t stop using AI so giving them a directives file that I’ve tried out might at least increase the quality of the output and lower my reviewing burden.
Open to other ideas too :)
Have an AI reviewer take the first crack at it after pointing it to your rules file (e.g., AGENTS) so you don't have to repeat yourself. Gemini does this fairly well, for example. https://developers.google.com/gemini-code-assist/docs/review...
We make the creator of the PR responsible for the code. Meaning they must understand it.
Also, we only allow engineers to commit (agent generated) code. Designers just come up with suggestions, engineers take it and ensure it fits our architecture.
We do have a huge codebase. We are teaching Claude Code with CLAUDE.md's and now also <feature>.spec.md (often a summary of the implementation plan).
In the end, engineers are responsible.
> I'm met with much pushback because "it works, why change it"?
This is an educational problem, and is unlikely to be easy to fix in your team (though I might be wrong). I would suggest to change to a team or company with a culture that values being able to reason about one’s software.
How are the architecture changes you are proposing improving the end result?
>but not being able to control the exact output worries me
Why?
Code review should be mandatory and reviewers should ask big PRs to be broken up, and its submitters to be able to defend every line of code. For when the computer is generating the code, the most important duty of the submitter is to vouch for it. To do otherwise creates the bad incentive of making others do all your QA, and nobody is going to be rewarded for that.
Yeah, I think that's one of the biggest anti-patterns right now: dumping thousands of lines of agent-generated code on your team to review, which effectively delegates the real work to other people.
I just added a chapter which touches on that: https://simonwillison.net/guides/agentic-engineering-pattern...
> the most important duty of the submitter is to vouch for it
When shipping pressure comes, I’ve seen this to be the first thing to go. Despite formalizing ownership standards, etc… people on both the submitting and reviewing end just give up understanding Ai slop when management says they need to hit a deadline.
Probably no company would actually do this, but I wonder if we should actually actively test the submitter’s understanding of the code submitted somehow as a prerequisite to moving a PR to ready for review. I’m not sure if it will be actually hopeful, enforcing people to understand the code, but maybe at least we’ll put the cultural expectation upfront and center?
> Code review should be mandatory and reviewers should ask big PRs to be broken up
Always, even before all this madness. It sounds more like a function of these teams CR process rather than agents writing the code. Sometimes super large prs are necessary and I've always requested a 30 minute meeting to discuss.
I don't see this as an issue, just noise. Reduce the PR footprint. If not possible meet with the engineer(s)
Fire them. Easy.
They have to be responsible for what they push.
Code review is now a bit like Brandolini's law: "The amount of energy needed to refute bullshit is an order of magnitude bigger than that needed to produce it." You ultimately need a lot of buy in to spend more than 5 mins on something that took 5 seconds to produce.
Yes I thinks somehow we need a bulldog check gate before it even goes to a human reviewer
In a business (or any large project setting) where there are real users and real risk involved, code can't move into a code base any faster then it can be reviewed by a human. Period. I apply the exact same standards to PRs for AI assisted code as I do for human written code. If the code is crap, the PR is too larger, or the dev can't explain it. it gets rejected. End of story. We are a long way away from the need for human review going away.
I've experimented with agentic coding/engineering a lot recently. My observation is that software that is easily tested are perfect for this sort of agentic loop.
In one of my experiments I had the simple goal of "making Linux binaries smaller to download using better compression" [1]. Compression is perfect for this. Easily validated (binary -> compress -> decompress -> binary) so each iteration should make a dent otherwise the attempt is thrown out.
Lessons I learned from my attempts:
- Do not micro-manage. AI is probably good at coming up with ideas and does not need your input too much
- Test harness is everything, if you don't have a way of validating the work, the loop will go stray
- Let the iterations experiment. Let AI explore ideas and break things in its experiment. The iteration might take longer but those experiments are valuable for the next iteration
- Keep some .md files as scratch pad in between sessions so each iteration in the loop can learn from previous experiments and attempts
[1] https://github.com/mohsen1/fesh
You have to have really good tests as it fucks up in strange ways people don't (because I think experienced programmers run loops in their brain as they code)
Good news - agents are good at open ended adding new tests and finding bugs. Do that. Also do unit tests and playwright. Testing everything via web driving seems insane pre agents but now its more than doable.
"Test harness is everything, if you don't have a way of validating the work, the loop will go stray"
This is the most important piece to using AI coding agents. They are truly magical machines that can make easy work of a large number of development, general purpose computing, and data collection tasks, but without deterministic and executable checks and tests, you can't guarantee anything from one iteration of the loop to the next.
Agents run tools in a loop.
The ability to test their work reliably is a tool, if you don't give them that, it's kinda silly to expect any kind of quality output.
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BTW, check the comment history of the above account @sarkash, this is almost certainly an LLM replying with the exact same structure/format in all their comments.
From comment history: I'm also pretty confident the @Marty McBot account they're replying to is also a bot but it's too new of account to say for sure: Plus the dead @octoclaw reply in this thread is another bot (just look at the account name lol) that also happened to use "underrated": @CloakHQ also probably a bot, their entire comment history follows the same structure as their comment from this thread: So far that's 3+ bot accounts I've seen so far in a single thread, the "Agentic" in the title/simonw as author may be a tempting target for people to throw their agents/claws at or it is just like catnip for them naturally.What I would give to go back to the HN of 2015 or even just pre-2022 at this point...
If you’re ok with it, I think emailing hn@ycombinator.com with this (which dang and the other mods read) would also be good.
There is difference between being a Bot account and using LLM to clean up the response. Yes there is AI slop everywhere but how do differentiate from LLM refined answer.. not sure how good we human are with false positive.. (This post has not been refined with LLM :D
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What are you developing that technology for?
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so spam?
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They weren't saying your _post_ was spam. They're saying you build tools for spammers.
Because that's what they'll be used for.
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I use AI in my workflow mostly for simple boilerplate, or to troubleshoot issues/docs.
I've dipped into agentic work now and again, but never been very impressed with the output (well, that there is any functioning output is insanely impressive, but it isn't code I want to be on the hook for complaining).
I hear a lot of people saying the same, but similarly a bunch of people I respect saying they barely write code anymore. It feels a little tricky to square these up sometimes.
Anyway, really looking forward to trying some if these patterns as the book develops to see if that makes a difference. Understanding how other peopke really use these tools is a big gap for me.
One thing I rarely see mentioned is that often creating code by hand is simply faster (at least for me) than using AI. Creating a plan for AI, waiting for execution, verifying, prompting again etc. can take more time than just doing it on my own with a plan in my head (and maybe some notes). Creating something from scratch or doing advanced refactoring is almost always faster with AI, but most of my daily tasks are bugs or features that are 10% coding and 90% knowing how to do it.
> 10% coding and 90% knowing how to do it
I think this is the main point where many people’s work differs. Most of my work I know roughly what needs changing and how things are structured but I jump between codebases often enough that I can’t always remember the exact classes/functions where changes are needed. But I can vaguely gesture at those specific changes that need to be made and have the AI find the places that need changing and then I can review the result.
I rarely get the luxury of working in a single codebase for a long enough period of time to get so familiar with it that I can jump to particular functions without much thought. That means AI is usually a better starting point than me fumbling around trying to find what I think exists but I don’t know where it is.
I've heard people say that these coding agents are just tools and don't replace the thinking. That's fine but the problem for me is that the act of coding is when I do my thinking!
I'm thinking about how to solve the problem and how to express it in the programming language such that it is easy to maintain. Getting someone/something else to do that doesn't help me.
But different strokes for different folks, I suppose.
I'm similar, but I do find some natural places where LLMs can be helpful.
Just today I was working on something that involves a decent amount of configuration. It's in Python unfortunately and I hate passing around dictionaries for configs, I usually like to parse the JSON or YAML or whatever into a config class so I have a natural way to validate and access without just throwing strings around.
As I was playing with the code for the actual work that needs to be done, I was thinking what configs I needed and what structure made sense. Once I knew what I needed I gave the JSON to an LLM with some instructions regarding helper functions and told it to give me the appropriate Python code. It's just a bunch of dataclasses with some from_dict or from_string methods on them, not interesting or difficult to write. Freed me up to keep working on the real problem.
Yes, it's often faster if you sit around waiting. What I will do instead is prompt the AI to create various plans, do other stuff while they do, review and approve the plans, do other stuff while multiple plans are being implemented, and then review and revise the output.
And I have the AI deal with "knowing how to do it" as well. Often it's slower to have it do enough research to know how to do it, but my time is more expensive than Claude's time, and so as long as I'm not sitting around waiting it's a net win.
I do this too, but then you need some method to handle it, because now you have to read and test and verify multiple work streams. It can become overwhelming. In the past week I had the following problems from parallel agents:
Gemini running an benchmark- everything ran smoothly for an hour. But on verification it had hallucinated the model used for judging, invalidating the whole run.
Another task used Opus and I manually specified the model to use. It still used the wrong model.
This type of hallucination has happened to me at least 4-5 times in the past fortnight using opus 4.6 and gemini-3.1-pro. GLM-5 does not seem to hallucinate so much.
So if you are not actively monitoring your agent and making the corrections, you need something else that is.
You need a harness, yes, and you need quality gates the agent can't mess with, and that just kicks the work back with a stern message to fix the problems. Otherwise you're wasting your time reviewing incomplete work.
Here is an example where the prompt was only a few hundred tokens and the output reasoning chain was correct, but the actual function call was wrong https://x.com/xundecidability/status/2005647216741105962?s=2...
Glancing at what it's doing is part of your multitasking rounds.
Also instead of just prompting, having it write a quick summary of exactly what it will do where the AI writes a plan including class names branch names file locations specific tests etc. is helpful before I hit go, since the code outline is smaller and quicker to correct.
That takes more wall clock time per agent, but gets better results, so fewer redo steps.
Here is an example where the prompt was only a few hundred tokens and the output reasoning chain was correct, but the actual function call was wrong https://x.com/xundecidability/status/2005647216741105962?s=2...
I as a human have typos too - and sometimes they're the hardest thing to catch in code review because you know what you meant.
Hopefully there is some of lint process to catch my human hallucinations and typos.
This sounds like one recipe for burnout, much like Aderal was making everyone code faster until their brain couldn’t keep up with its own backlog.
>And I have the AI deal with "knowing how to do it" as well. Often it's slower to have it do enough research to know how to do it
This is exactly the sort of future I'm afraid of. Where the people who are ostensibly hired to know how stuff works, out source that understanding to their LLMs. If you don't know how the system works while building, what are you going to when it breaks? Continue to throw your LLM at it? At what point do you just outsource your entire brain?
For me it _can_ be faster to code than to instruct but it takes me significantly less effort to write the prompt than the actual code. So a few hours of concentrates coding leave me completely drained of energy while after a few hours with the agents I still have a lot of mental energy. That's the huge difference for me and I don't want to go back.
Thats interesting. While i do get mentally tired after a session of focused coding, i feel like i have accomplished something. Using AI for coding feels similar to spending hours doom scrolling reels. Less engaging but Im drained as hell at the end.
I'd argue you still have to stay engaged, if not more-so. Its a different type of engagement. Look at you: You're the CTO now.
It's hard to be engaged when you are constantly jumping from one thing/prompt to another vs you are actually doing the work.
My way of phrasing this: I need to activate my personal transformers on my inner embeddings space to really figure what is it that I truly want to write.
I definitely agree with this and have experienced it as well. Having said that I wonder if the prevalence, and usefulness of AI will make those types of features fewer as intimate knowledge of the codebase decreases.
The rebuttal to this would be that you can do many such tasks in parallel.
I’m not sure it’s really true in practice yet, but that would certainly be the claim.
But can you mentally "keep hold" (for lack of a better term) of those tasks that are getting executed in parallel? Honestly asking.
Because, after they're done/have finished executing, I guess you still have to "check" their output, integrate their results into the bigger project they're (supposedly) part of etc, and for me the context-switching required to do all that is mentally taxing. But maybe this only happens because my brain is not young enough, that's why I'm asking.
The type of dev who is allowing AI to do all of their work does not care about the quality of said work.
I think the difference is that you're applying a standard of correctness or personal understanding of the code you're pushing that is being relaxed in the "agentic workflows"
I have the AI integrate their results themselves. That's if anything one of the things they do best. I also have them do reviews and test their own work first before I check it, and that usually makes the remaining verification fairly quick and painless.
I delegate to agents what I hate doing, e.g. when creating a SaaS web app, the last thing I want to waste my time on is the landing page with about/pricing/login and Stripe integration frontend/backend - I'll just tell Claude Code (with Qwen3-Coder-Next-Q8 running locally on RTX Pro 6000) to make all this basic stuff for me so that I can focus on the actual core of the app. It then churns for half an hour, spews out the first version where I need to spend another half an hour to fix bugs by pointing errors to Claude Code and then in 1 hour it's all done. I can also tell it to avoid all the node.js garbage and do it all in plain HTML/JS/CSS.
That’s why we won’t plan anymore or compile it’ll just execute https://jperla.com/blog/claude-electron-not-claudevm
When was the last time you tried?
I think trying agents to do larger tasks was always very hit or miss, up to about the end of last year.
In the past couple of months I have found them to have gotten a lot better (and I'm not the only one).
My experience with what coding assistants are good for shifted from:
smart autocomplete -> targeted changes/additions -> full engineering
I’m not OP but every time I post a comment with this sentiment I get told “the latest models are what you need”. If every 3 months you are saying “it’s ready as long as you use the latest model”, then it wasn’t ready 3 months ago and it’s not likely to be ready now.
To answer your question, I’ve tried both Claude code and Antigravity in the last 2 weeks and I’m still finding them struggling. AG with Gemini regularly gets stuck on simple issues and loops until I run out of requests, and Claude still just regularly goes on wild tangents not actually solving the problem.
I don’t think that’s true. Claude Opus 4.5/4.6 in Cursor have marked the big shift for me. Before that, agentic development mostly made me want to just do it myself, because it was getting stuck or going on tangents.
I think it can (and is) shifting very rapidly. Everyone is different, and I’m sure models are better at different types of work (or styles of working), but it doesn’t take much to make it too frustrating to use. Which also means it doesn’t take much to make it super useful.
> I don’t think that’s true. Claude Opus 4.5/4.6 in Cursor.
Opus 4.6 has been out for less than a month. If it was a big shift surely we'd see a massive difference over 4.5 which was november. I think this proves the point, you're not seeing seisimic shifts every 3 months and you're not even clear about which model was the fix.
> I think it can (and is) shifting very rapidly.
Shifting, maybe. But shuffling deck chairs every 3 months.
I interpreted their comment to mean 4.5 was the shift, which was nov last year. "Before that" meaning pre 4.5.
It depends on what you're handling. Frontend (not css), swagger, mundane CRUD is where it shines. Something more complex that need a bit harder calculation usually make the agents struggling.
Especially good to navigate the code if you're unfamiliar with it (the code). If you have known the code for good, you'll find it's usually faster to debug and code by yourself.
Opus 4.6 with claude code vscode extension
Agree, it’s strange, I will just assume that the people who say this are building react apps. I still have so much ”certainly, I should not do this in a completely insane way, let me fix that” … -400+2. It’s not always, and it is better than it was, but that’s it.
I'm an ML engineer, so it's mostly been setting up data processing/training code in PyTorch, if that helps.
Have you tried it with something like OpenSpec? Strangely, taking the time to lay out the steps in a large task helps immensely. It's the difference between the behavior you describe and just letting it run productively for segments of ten or fifteen minutes.
> Have you tried it with something like OpenSpec?
No. The parent comment said I needed a new model, which I've tried. Being told "just try something else aswell" kind of proves the point.
I thought this too and then I discovered plan mode. If you just prompt agent mode it will be terrible, but coming up with a plan first has really made a big difference and I rarely write code at all now
My workflow has become very plan-intensive... including planning of verification+test steps at the end.
At this point though, after Claude C Compiler, you've got to give us more details to better understand the dichotomy. What do you consider simple issues?
> At this point though, after Claude C Compiler,
Perfect example. You mean the C compiler that literally failed to compile a hello world [0] (which was given in it's readme)?
> What do you consider simple issues?
Hallucinating APIs for well documented libraries/interfaces, ignoring explicit instructions for how to do things, and making very simple logic errors in 30-100 line scripts.
As an example, I asked Claude code to help me with a Roblox game last weekend, and specifically asked it to "create a shop GUI for <X> which scales with the UI, and opens when you press E next to the character". It proceeded to create a GUI with absolute sizings, get stuck on an API hallucination for handling input, and also, when I got it unstuck, it didn't actually work.
[0] https://github.com/anthropics/claudes-c-compiler/issues/1
Excellent examples, thank you!
Shame Claude Code doesn't have sharable chat logs, it would be interesting to see where your Roblox exploration went off the rails.
I think you can use https://traces.com for that
Claude C compiler is 100k LOC that doesn’t do anything useful, and cost $20k plus the cost of an expert engineer creating a custom harness and babysitting it.
But the most important thing is that they were reverse engineering gcc by using it as an oracle. And it had gcc and thousands of other c compilers in its training set.
So if you are a large corporation looking to copy GPL code so that you can use it without worrying about the license, and the project you want to copy is a text transformer with a rigorously defined set of inputs and outputs, have at it.
> When was the last time you tried?
Pretty recently (a couple weeks ago). I give agentic workflows a go every couple of weeks or so.
I should say, I don't find them abysmal, but I tend to work in codebases where I understand them, and the patterns really well. The use cases I've tried so far, do sort of work, just not yet at least, faster than I'm able to actual write the code myself.
> My experience with what coding assistants are good for shifted from:
> smart autocomplete -> targeted changes/additions -> full engineering
Define "full engineering". Because if you say "full engineering" I would expect the agent to get some expected product output details as input and produce all by itself the right implementation for the context (i.e. company) it lives in.
I agree that "full engineering" was a bit broad. I should probably have said something like "agent-only coding"?
I.e. the point where the agent writes all the code and you just verify.
The "you just verify" part can take indeed a lot of steering and hand-holding to get the right implementation for the current company/department/project context. Otherwise you might be just generating tech debt at scale.
> I've dipped into agentic work now and again, but never been very impressed with the output (well, that there is any functioning output is insanely impressive, but it isn't code I want to be on the hook for complaining).
> I hear a lot of people saying the same, but similarly a bunch of people I respect saying they barely write code anymore. It feels a little tricky to square these up sometimes.
It squares up just fine.
You ever read a blog post or comment and think "Yeah, this is definitely AI generated"? If you can recognise it, would you accept a blog post, reviewed by you, for your own blog/site?
I won't; I'll think "eww" and rewrite.
The developers with good AI experiences don't get the same "eww" feeling when reading AI-generated code. The developers with poor AI experiences get that "eww" feeling all the time when reviewing AI code and decide not to accept the code.
Well, that's my theory anyway.
I also will rewrite both text and code created by Gen AI. I've found the best workflow for me is not to refine what I've written, but instead to use it to help me get over humps and/or crank through some of the drudgery. And then I go back and edit, fixing any issues I spot and to reshape it to be in my own voice.
I do this with code too.
> It feels a little tricky to square these up sometimes.
In my experience, this heavily depends on the task, and there's a massive chasm between tasks where it's a good and bad fit. I can definitely imagine people working only on one side of this chasm and being perplexed by the other side.
My experience is that the first iteration output from a single agent is not what I want to be on the hook for. What squares it for me with "not writing code anymore" is the iterative process to improve outputs:
1) Having review loops between agents (spawn separate "reviewer" agents) and clear tests / eval criteria improved results quite a bit for me. 2) Reviewing manually and giving instructions for improvements is necessary to have code I can own
Is that… actually faster than just doing it yourself, tho? Like, “I could write the right thing, or I could have this robot write the wrong thing and then nag it til it corrects itself” seems to suggest a fairly obvious choice.
I’ve yet to see these things do well on anything but trivial boilerplate.
In my experience, sometimes. Not that often, depends on the task.
The benefit is I can keep some things ticking over while I’m in meetings, to be honest.
Think of it like installing Linux. The first time it's absolutely not worth it from a time perspective. But after you've installed it once, you can reuse that installation, and eventually it makes sense and becomes second nature. Eventually that time investment pays dividends. Just like Linux tho, no one's going to force to you to install it and you'll probably go on to have a fine career without ever having touched the stuff.
I was in the same boat as you until I saw DHH post about how he’s changed his use of agents. In his talk with Lex Fridman his approach was similar to mine and it really felt like a kernel of sanity amongst the hype. So when he said he’s changed his approach I had another look. I’m using agents (Claude code) every day now. I still write code every day too. (So does Dax Raad from OpenCode to throw a bit more weight behind this stance). I’m not convinced the models can own a production code base and that therefore engineers need to maintain their skills sufficiently to be responsible. I find agents helpful for a lot of stuff, usually heavily patterned code with a lot of prior art. I find CC consistently sucks at writing polars code. I honestly don’t enjoy using agents at all and I don’t think anyone can honestly claim they know how this is going to shake out. But I feel by using the tools myself I have a much stronger sense of reality amongst the hype.
I strongly agree with that last statement—I hate using agents because their code smells awful even if it works. But I have to use them now because otherwise I’m going to wake up one day and be 100% obsolete and never even notice how it happened.
I still write code but do not push everything off to the agent. Try my best to write small tasks. ~20% of the time I have to get in there. If someone says they're absolutely not writing a line of code they must have amazing guardrails.
>It feels a little tricky to square these up sometimes.
I don’t think you have to square them because those sentiments are coming from different people. They are also coming from people at different points along the adoption curve. If you are struggling and you see other people struggling at the beginning of the adoption curve it can be quite difficult difficult to understand someone who is further along and does not appear to be struggling.
I think a lot of folks who have struggled with these tools do so because both critics and boosters create unrealistic expectations.
What I recommend is you keep trying. This is a new skill set. It is a different skill set. Which other skills that existed in the past remain necessary is not known.
These lessons get obliterated with every new LLM generation. Like how LangChain started on stupid models with small context, creating some crazy architecture around it to bypass their limitations that got completely obliterated when GPT-3.5 was released, yet people still use it and overcomplicate things. Rather look at where the puck is going, we might soon not need more than a single agent to do everything given context size keeps increasing, agent can use more tools and we might get some in-call context cleanup at some point as well that would allow an agent to spin forever instead of calling subagents due to context size limitations.
I'm trying to include patterns that work independently of model releases.
It's tricky though. Take "red/green TDD" for example - it's perfectly possible that models will start defaulting to doing that anyway pretty soon.
In that case it's only three words so it doesn't feel hugely wasteful if it turns out not to be necessary - and there's still value in understanding what it means even if you no longer have to explicitly tell the agents to do it.
The biggest takeaway for me from LLMs is that the implementation details no longer. If you have a sufficiently detailed tests and requirements, there is going to be a robot that will roll the dice until it fits the tests and requirements.
It’ll all be a ClaudeVM. No code. https://jperla.com/blog/claude-electron-not-claudevm
I wish there was a little more color in the Testing and QA section. While I agree with this:
there is no mention at all about LLMs' tendency to write tautological tests--tests that pass because they are defined to pass. Or, tests that are not at all relevant or useful, and are ultimately noise in the codebase wasting cycles on every CI run. Sometimes to pass the tests the model might even hardcode a value in a unit test itself!IMO this section is a great place to show how we as humans can guide the LLM toward a rigorous test suite, rather than one that has a lot of "coverage" but doesn't actually provide sound guarantees about behavior.
Do you have an example of the tautological tests you're referring to? What comes to mind to me is genuinely logically tautological tests, like "assert(true || expectedResult == actualResult)" which is a mistake I don't even expect modern AI coding tools to make. But I suspect you're talking about a subtler type of test which at first glance appears useful but actually isn't.
I've definitely seen Opus go to town when asked to test a fairly simple builder. Possibly it inferred something about testing the "contract", and went on to test such properties as
In addition to multiple tests with essentially identical code, multiple test classes with largely duplicated tests etc.Among many other possible examples, here are a few [0] from Ruby that I've seen in the wild before LLMs, and still see today spat out by LLMs.
0: https://www.codewithjason.com/examples-pointless-rspec-tests...
I do see agents pop out tests that look like this occasionally:
If I catch them I tell them not to and they remove it again, but a few do end up slipping through.I'm not sure that they're particularly harmful any more though. It used to be that they added extra weight to your test suite, meaning when you make changes you have to update pointless tests.
But if the agent is updating the pointless tests for you I can afford a little bit of unnecessary testing bloat.
I don’t love tests like that either, but I’ve seen a lot of them (long before the generative AI era) and heard reasonable people make arguments in favor of them.
Admittedly, in the absence of halfway competent static type checking, it does seem like a good way to prevent what would be a very bad regression. It doesn’t seem worse than tests which check that a certain property is non-null (when that’s a vital business requirement and you’re using a language without a competent type system).
I don’t have examples but I have an LLM driven project with like…2500 tests and I regularly need to prune:
* no-op tests
* unit tests labeled as integration tests
* skipped tests set to skip because they were failing and the agent didn’t want to fix them
* tests that can never fail
Probably at any given time the tests are 2-4% broken. I’d say about 10% of one-shot tests are bogus if you’re just working w spec + chat and don’t have extra testing harnesses.
For example, you might write a concurrency test, and the agent will cheerfully remove the concurrency and announce that it passes. They get so hung up on making things work in a narrow sense that they lose track of the purpose.
Yes. And, a bad test -- that passes because it's defined to pass -- is _much worse_ than no test at all. It makes you think an edge case is "covered" with a meaningful check.
Worse: once you have one "bad apple" in your pile of tests, it decreases trust in the _whole batch of tests_. Each time a test passes, you have to think if it's a bad test...
This seems it should be very easy to validate. Force the AI to make minimal changes to the code under test, which makes a single (or as few as possible) test fail as a result. If it can't make a test fail at all, it should be useless.
Agreed, and that's why I think adding some example prompts and ideas to the Testing section would be helpful. A vanilla-prompted LLM, in my experience, is very unreliable at adding tests that fail when the changes are reverted.
Many times I've observed that the tests added by the model simply pass as part of the changes, but still pass even when those changes are no longer applied.
I had an example in that section but it got picked apart by pedants (who had good points) so I removed it. I plan to add another soon. You can still see it in the changelog: https://simonwillison.net/guides/agentic-engineering-pattern...
Matt Pocock has a nice TDD skill he's made available [0][1].
[0] https://www.aihero.dev/skill-test-driven-development-claude-...
[1] https://github.com/mattpocock/skills/blob/main/tdd/SKILL.md
This is essentially dual to the idea behind mutation testing, and should be trivial to do with a mutation testing framework in place (track whether a given test catches mutants, or more sophisticated: whether it catches the exact same mutants as some other test).
That's part of the reason I like red/green TDD - you make the agent show that the test fails before the implementation and passes afterwards.
It can still cheat, but it's less likely to cheat.
> we as humans can guide the LLM toward a rigorous test suite, rather than one that has a lot of "coverage" but doesn't actually provide sound guarantees about behavior.
I have a hard enough time getting humans to write tests like this…
That's where mutation testing becomes even more valuable. If the test still passes after the code has been mutated, then you may want to look deeper, because it's a sign that the test is not good.
Today I gave a lecture to my undergraduate data structures students about the evolution of CPU and GPU architectures since the late 1970s. The main themes:
- Through the last two decades of the 20th century, Moore’s Law held and ensured that more transistors could be packed into next year’s chips that could run at faster and faster clock speeds. Software floated on a rising tide of hardware performance so writing fast code wasn’t always worth the effort.
- Power consumption doesn’t vary with transistor density but varies with the cube of clock frequency, so by the early 2000s Intel hit a wall and couldn’t push the clock above ~4GHz with normal heat dissipation methods. Multi-core processors were the only way to keep the performance increasing year after year.
- Up to this point the CPU could squeeze out performance increases by parallelizing sequential code through clever scheduling tricks (and compilers could provide an assist by unrolling loops) but with multiple cores software developers could no longer pretend that concurrent programming was only something that academics and HPC clusters cared about.
CS curricula are mostly still stuck in the early 2000s, or at least it feels that way. We teach big-O and use it to show that mergesort or quicksort will beat the pants off of bubble sort, but topics like Amdahl’s Law are buried in an upper-level elective when in fact it is much more directly relevant to the performance of real code, on real present-day workloads, than a typical big-O analysis.
In any case, I used all this as justification for teaching bitonic sort to 2nd and 3rd year undergrads.
My point here is that Simon’s assertion that “code is cheap” feels a lot like the kind of paradigm shift that comes from realizing that in a world with easily accessible massively parallel compute hardware, the things that matter for writing performant software have completely shifted: minimizing branching and data dependencies produces code that looks profoundly different than what most developers are used to. e.g. running 5 linear passes over a column might actually be faster than a single merged pass if those 5 passes touch different memory and the merged pass has to wait to shuffle all that data in and out of the cache because it doesn’t fit.
What all this means for the software development process I can’t say, but the payoff will be tremendous (10-100x, just like with properly parallelized code) for those who can see the new paradigm first and exploit it.
There's a recurring theme in these agentic engineering threads that is worth calling out: the lessons, are almost always stated as universal – but are deeply dependent on team size, code base maturity, test coverage, and risk tolerance. What gets presented as a “win” for a well instrumented backend service could easily guide those working on UI-heavy or old code down the wrong path. The art of this might be less about discovering the correct pattern, and more about truthfully declaring when a pattern applies.
That's a good call out. The reason I'm doing this as a website and not a book is that this stuff changes all the time and I want to update it, so one of the things I'll try to do is add notes about when and where each pattern works as those constraints become clear.
I work as a consultant so I navigate different codebases, old to new, typescript to javascript, massive to small, frontend only to full stack.
Claude Code experience is massively different depending on the codebase.
Good E2E strongly typed codebase? Can one shot any feature, some small QA, some polishing and it's usually good to ship.
Plain javascript? Object oriented? Injection? Overall magic? Claude can work there but is not a pleasant experience and I wouldn't say it accelerates you that much.
"...typescript to javascript"
Country AND Western!
We are going to start seeing that be the primary selection criterion. Pick a stack that agents are good at.
Agreed. AND some are universal -- right now, agentic workflows benefit from independent source-of-truth checkins A LOT.
A lot of Simon's tools are making harnesses for this so it can get integrated:
showboat - create a demo, validate the code generates the demo. This is making a documentation source of truth
rodney - validate visually and with navigation that things work like you expect
red-green tests are conceptually the same - once we have these tests then the agent can loop more successfully.
So, I think there are some "universals" or at least "universals for now" that do transcend team/deployment specificity
I've recently got into red/greed TDD with claude code, and I have to agree that it seems like the right way to go.
As my projects were growing in complexity and scope, I found myself worrying that we were building things that would subtly break other parts of the application. Because of the limited context windows, it was clear that after a certain size, Claude kind of stops understanding how the work you're doing interacts with the rest of the system. Tests help protect against that.
Red/green TDD specifically ensures that the current work is quite focused on the thing that you're actually trying to accomplish, in that you can observe a concrete change in behaviour as a result of the change, with the added benefit of growing the test suite over time.
It's also easier than ever to create comprehensive integration test suites - my most valuable tests are tests that test entire user facing workflows with only UI elements, using a real backend.
Red/green is especially good with claude because even now with opus 4.6, claude can throw out a little comment like “//Implementation on hold until X/Y/Z: return { true }” and proceed to completely skip implementation based on the inline skip comment for a longgg time. It used to do this aggressively even in the tests, but by and large red/green prompting helps immensely - it tells the agent “think of failing tests as SUCCESS right now” - then you’ll get lots of them.
I’ve always been partial to integration tests too. Hand coding made integration tests feel bad; you’re almost doubling the code output in some cases - especially if you end up needing to mock a bunch of servers. Nowadays that’s cheap, which is super helpful.
Yeah, I've always _preferred_ integration tests, but the cost of building them was so great. Now the cost is effectively eliminated, and if you make a change that genuinely does affect an integration test (changing the text on a button, for example) it's easy to smart-find-and-replace and fix them up. So I'm using them a lot more.
The only problem is... they still take much longer to _run_ than unit tests, and they do tend to be more flaky (although Claude is helpful in fixing flaky tests too). I'm grateful for the extra safety, but it makes deployments that much slower. I've not really found a solution to that part beyond parallelising.
Granted it doesn't always pay attention to Claude.md but one thing I've done is in my block of rules it must always follow is to never leave something unimplemented w/ placeholders unless explicitly told to do so. It's made this mostly go away for me.
I find StrongDM's Dark Factory principles more immediately actionable (sorry, Simon!): https://factory.strongdm.ai/principles
Not sure there's anything to be sorry for, he literally wrote about it a few weeks ago:
https://simonwillison.net/2026/Feb/7/software-factory/
I second that, sometimes it's defensibly worth throwing token fuel at the problem and validate as you go.
I primarily use AI for understanding codebases myself. My prompt is:
"deeply understand this codebase, clearly noting async/sync nature, entry points and external integration. Once understood prepare for follow up questions from me in a rapid fire pattern, your goal is to keep responses concise and always cite code snippets to ensure responses are factual and not hallucinated. With every response ask me if this particular piece of knowledge should be persistent into codebase.md"
Both the concise and structure nature (code snippets) help me gain knowledge of the entire codebase - as I progressively ask complex questions on the codebase.
I tried a slight variation of your prompt after reading this. It worked marvelously. Quick, correct answers instead of waiting for it to do exploration for each answer.
I see a lot of people complaining that every day there are 100 new frameworks for “agent teams”, prompting styles, workflows, and everyone insists theirs is the best for one reason or another. It reminds me a lot of early software engineering: every team had its own way of doing things, we experimented with tons of methodologies (waterfall, agile, etc.), and over time a few patterns became widely adopted (scrum, PM roles, architects, tickets, rituals). It feels like we’re in that same messy exploration phase right now.
And actually, these tools actually work, , because 99% of people still don’t really know how to prompt agents well and end up doing things like “pls fix this, it’s not working”.
One thing that worked well for us was going back to how a human team would approach it: write a product spec first (expected behavior, constraints, acceptance criteria, etc), use AI to refine that spec, and only then hand it to an opinionated flow of agents that reflect a human team to implement.
The most important thing you need to understand with working with agents for coding is that now you design a production line. And that has nothing to do (mostly) with designing or orchestrating agents.
Take a guitar, for example. You don't industrialize the manufacture of guitars by speeding up the same practices that artisans used to build them. You don't create machines that resemble individual artisans in their previous roles (like everyone seems to be trying to do with AI and software). You become Leo Fender, and you design a new kind of guitar that is made to be manufactured at another level of scale magnitude. You need to be Leo Fender though (not a talented guitarrist, but definitely a technical master).
To me, it sounds too early to describe patterns, since we haven't met the Ford/Fender/etc equivalent of this yet. I do appreciate the attempt though.
Solid patterns here. One thing I'd add from running Claude Code in production:
The "give it bash" pattern sounds scary until you realize the alternative is 47 intermediate tool calls that fail silently.
Letting the agent write and run scripts means the agent debugs when something breaks. The feedback loop tightens dramatically.
The trick is sandboxing + cost limits. Not preventing shell access.
The "human in the loop at key checkpoints" pattern has been the most practically useful for us. We found that giving the agent full autonomy end-to-end produces subtly broken code that passes tests but violates implicit invariants you never thought to write down. Short loops with a human sanity check at decision forks catches that class of failure early.
The thing I keep wrestling with is where exactly to place those checkpoints. Too frequent and you've just built a slow pair programmer. Too infrequent and you're doing expensive archaeology to figure out where it went sideways. We've landed on "before any irreversible action" as a useful heuristic, but that requires the agent to have some model of what's irreversible, which is its own can of worms.
Has anyone found a principled way to communicate implicit codebase conventions to an agent beyond just dumping a CLAUDE.md or similar file? We've tried encoding constraints as linter rules but that only catches surface stuff, not architectural intent.
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Great patterns here. I'd add one more critical layer that many miss: orchestration state management.
Running multiple agents concurrently (QA, content, conversions, distribution), we hit this exact wall - agents didn't know what other agents had done, creating duplicate work and missed context.
Solved it with a stupidly simple approach: 1. Single TODO.md with "DO NOW" (unblocked), "BLOCKED", "DONE" sections 2. Named output files per agent type (qa-status.md, scout-finds.md, etc) 3. active-tasks.md for crash recovery - breadcrumbs from interrupted runs 4. Daily memory logs with session IDs for searchability
The key: File-based state is deterministic. After a crash, the next agent reads identical input, same decision rules, same output structure. Zero state collision, zero "what was I thinking?"
Deployment: ~8 agents on cron. They wake, read files, work, write results, die. No persistent terminal. No coordination overhead.
This turned "5 terminal tabs with unmanageable logs" into "grep yesterday's log, see exactly what happened."
Patterns + implementation details: https://osolobo.com/first-ai-agent-guide/
The patterns in the article might be a starter, but there's so much more to cover:
agents role (Orchestrator, QA etc.), agents communication, thinking patterns, iteration patterns, feature folders, time-aware changelog tracking, prompt enforcing, real time steering.
We might really need a public Wiki for that (C2 [1] style)
[1]: https://wiki.c2.com/
For web apps, explictly asking the agent to build in sensible checkpoints and validate at the checkpoint using Playwright has been very successful for me so far. It prevents the agent from strating off course and struggling to find its way back. That and always using plan mode first, and reviewing the plan for evidence of sensible checkpoints. /opusplan to save tokens!
Linear walkthrough: I ask my agents to give me a numbered tree. Controlling tree size specifies granularity. Numbering means it's simple to refer to points for discussion.
Other things that I feel are useful:
- Very strict typing/static analysis
- Denying tool usage with a hook telling the agent why+what they should do (instead of simple denial, or dangerously accepting everything)
- Using different models for code review
My simple Agent loop for hobby game dev (In antigravity, but this also works well in Claude Code). 1) I write the prompt for the next feature / tweak / fix I want the model to work on 2) if large, check implementation plan 3) play test prior changes 4) repeat. By the time my play test is done, the next batch of changes are ready for commit.
Has anyone setup a smooth agent setup for game art assets generation? (AI models already do great for shaders and VFX, but I would really love to automate model + texture + animation pipeline)
Strongly agree with the patterns list, but I think the order matters: observability and evals should come before sophistication.
Teams jump straight to multi-agent setups because it feels "advanced," then spend weeks debugging ghosts. A boring single-agent flow with strict tool contracts, replayable traces, and a small regression suite beats a clever architecture you can't reason about.
My rule of thumb now: if I can't explain why an agent made a decision from logs alone, it's not production-ready yet.
I have come to the same conclusion. I'm thinking it more like "raising" these subagents via iterations and tuning until they are "grown-up" and basically become reliable. Thats why even though I can setup a team pretty easily via claude code, I don't see the benefit until the would be team members are reliable. Once the main subagents are solid, we can move on to build a team by pointing them to these subagents - atleast thats what I'm thinking in my one-step-at-time slow way. Most probably overcautious and maybe even wrong but if I'm seeing a subagent doing weird stuff across many executions, I can't build much in terms of layers on top of it.
Absolutely great work. I have been mostly just thinking about what you are already practicing. I think your site will become an invaluable source for software engineers who want to responsibly apply AI in their development flow.
For a high level description of what this new way of engineering is about: https://substack.com/@shreddd/p-189554031
I contribute to an open source spec based project management tool. I spend about a day back and forth iterating on a spec, using ai to refine the spec itself. Sometimes feeding it in and out of Claude/gemini telling each other where the feedback has come from. The spec is the value. Using the ai pm tool I break it down into n tasks and sub tasks and dependencies. I then trigger Claude in teams mode to accomplish the project. It can be left alone over night. I wake up in the morning with n prs merged.
Mind linking the project so we can see the PR’s?
Hoarding is becoming an epidemic mental disease in the society of abundance. I don’t know what the solution would be.
https://simonwillison.net/guides/agentic-engineering-pattern...
Personally my plan is to hoard more.
I dont currently have confidence in TDD
A broken test doesn’t make the agentic coding tool go “ooooh I made a bad assumption” any more than a type error or linter does
All a broken test does it prompt me to prompt back “fix tests”
I have no clue which one broke or why or what was missed, and it doesnt matter. Actual regressions are different and not dependent on these tests, and I follow along from type errors and LLM observability
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I thought I was doing that but I’ll give it another shot
I think my plan document is still “make sure you write unit and e2e tests per function or feature set” and its doing tests as it goes for verification and so pull requests pass
I’ll go deeper on what TDD specifications are supposed to be
Do you have an example for an agentic coding tool like Claude Code?
Ahh, I tend to find software based engineering skills and workflows as the agentic engineering patterns.
I distilled multiple software books into these flows and skills. With more books to come.
Here is an example https://github.com/ryanthedev/code-foundations
I just started a new chapter partly inspired by this comment thread - anti-patterns: things NOT to do.
So far I only have one: Inflicting unreviewed code on collaborators, aka dumping a thousand line PR without even making sure it works first https://simonwillison.net/guides/agentic-engineering-pattern...
The code review bottleneck point resonates a lot. When agents can generate PRs in minutes, the human review step becomes the critical bottleneck — and it doesn't scale with generation speed. The teams I've seen handle this best treat agent output like a junior dev's work: smaller atomic commits, mandatory test coverage as a gate, and explicit reviewer checklists focused on logic rather than syntax. The shift is from "does this look right" to "does this behave correctly under these conditions."
There was a mention of using agents to build projects into WASM. I've had the best luck telling it to use zig to compile to webassembly. It shortens the time to completion by a significant amount.
That's a great tip, thanks! I did not know Zig could do this.
You can "pip install ziglang" and get the right version for different platforms too.
It's not a great tip because there are features that exist specifically to reduce development iteration cycle latency without compiling for the wrong target.
Please refer to https://ziglang.org/download/0.15.1/release-notes.html#Incre...
This has nothing to do with agentic engineering. This is just normal software development. Everybody wants faster compilation speed
It baffles me how skeptical people here are of AI-assisted programming. If you don't see productivity gains I feel you're in deep denial.
It's true that in my company we're not building rockets or defense systems, maybe you guys are and in those scenarios it's less useful. But for typical LoB and/or consumer-facing software, AI is crushing it. Where I used to need 3 devs, now I just need one (and the support team around it: PM, BA, QA, Designer). For my business, AI has been a game changer.
The test harness point is spot on but there's a gap worth naming: the failure modes you write evals for aren't the ones that cause users to churn. Prod conversations have a whole category where the agent doesn't error, it just confidently goes sideways in a way nobody wrote a test for. The teams actually retaining users from AI products are reading conversations, not just dashboards.
I really like the idea of agent coding patterns. This feels like it could be expanded easily with more content though. Off the top of my head:
- tell the agent to write a plan, review the plan, tell the agent to implement the plan
- allow the agent to “self discover” the test harness (eg. “Validate this c compiler against gcc”)
- queue a bunch of tasks with // todo … and yolo “fix all the todo tasks”
- validate against a known output (“translate this to rust and ensure it emits the same byte or byte output as you go”)
- pick a suitable language for the task (“go is best for this task because I tried several languages and it did the best for this domain in go”)
This sort of thing is available using utilities like spec kit/spec kitty/etc. But yes it does make it do better, including writing its own checklists so that it comes back to the tasks it identified early on without distraction.
Is "Agentic Engineering" is the new name for "Agent Experience"? If so, and even though I love Simon's contributions, there are many other guides to making codebases more welcoming to agents...
Shameless plug: I wrote one. https://marmelab.com/blog/2026/01/21/agent-experience.html
I hadn't heard that term before, is it widely used?
https://agentexperience.ax/ describes it as "refers to the holistic experience AI agents have when interacting with a product, platform, or system" which feels to me like a different concept to figuring out patterns for effectively using coding agents as a software engineer.
I'd choose a different word for the title of Hoard Things You Know How to Do. Hoarding is the opposite of what we want to do but I get from reading the section you mean create a collection that you can draw upon. IMO "Share" is a much better word choice.
Yesterday I wrote a post about exactly this. Software development, as the act of manually producing code, is dying. A new discipline is being born. It is much closer to proper engineering.
Like an engineer overseeing the construction of a bridge, the job is not to lay bricks. It is to ensure the structure does not collapse.
The marginal cost of code is collapsing. That single fact changes everything.
https://nonstructured.com/zen-of-ai-coding/
> wrote
Quite a heavy-lifting word here. You understand why people flagged that post right? It's painfully non-human. I'm all for utilizing LLM, but I highly suggest you read Simon's posts. He's obviously a heavy AI user, but even his blog posts aren't that inorganic and that's why he became the new HN blog babe.
[0]: I personally believe Simon writes with his own voice, but who knows?
How paranoid do you want to get? Simone's written enough, such that you could just feed his blog to AI and ask it to write in his voice. Which, taken to the logical extreme, means that the last time he went to visit OpenAI, he was captured, and locked in a dungeon, and his online presence is now entirely AI with the right prompt. In fact, that's happened to everyone on this site, and we're all LLMs just predicting the next word at each other.
There's no actual way to determine if any words are from a silicon token generator or meat-based generator. It's not AI, it's human! Emdash. You're absolutely right!
system failure.
We have the entire web built on technical debt and LLMs mostly trained on that, what could go wrong? Cost will reside somewhere else if not on code
You didn't write that and you shouldn't believe that you did.
> It is much closer to proper engineering.
I would not equate software engineering to "proper" engineering insofar as being uttered in the same sentence as mechanical, chemical, or electrical engineering.
The cost of code is collapsing because web development is not broadly rigorous, robust software was never a priority, and everyone knows it. The people complaining that AI isn't good enough yet don't grasp that neither are many who are in the profession currently.
> The people complaining that AI isn't good enough yet don't grasp that neither are many who are in the profession currently.
I think the externalities are being ignored. Having time and money to train engineers is expensive. Having all the data of your users being stolen is a slap in the wrist.
So replacing those bad worekrs with AI is fine. Unless you remove the incentives to be fast instead of good, then yeah AI can be good enough for some cases.
Indeed, it's like those complaining self-driving cars occasionally crash when their crash rates are up to 90% less than humans . . .
This is such a strange take. Your words remind me of past crypto hype cycles, where people pushed web3.0 and NFT FOMO hysteria.
Engineering is the practical application of science and mathematics to solve problems. It sounds like you're maybe describing construction management instead. I'm not denying that there's value here, but what you're espousing seems divorced from reality. Good luck vibecoding a nontrivial actuarial model, then having it to pass the laundry list of reviews and having large firms actually pick it up.
> This is such a strange take. Your words remind me of past crypto hype cycles, where people pushed web3.0 and NFT FOMO hysteria.
Thats a little harsh. I think most everyone would agree we're in a transformative time for engineering. Sure theres hype, but the adoption in our profession (assuming you're an engineer) isn't waning.
It's not pleasant to read this.
It's not profound. It's not profound when I read the exact same awed blog post about how "agentic" is the future and you don't even need to know code anymore.It wasn't profound the first time, and it's even dumber that people keep repeating it - maybe they take all the time they saved not writing, and use it to not read.
Agree. This is a transition from being "in" the loop to being "on" the loop.
Stop putting forth your AI generated blog posts as your own work.
The formal engineering disciplines are not defined by the construction vs design distinction so much as the regulatory gates they have passed and the ethical burdens they shoulder for society's benefit.
https://www.slater.dev/2025/09/its-time-to-license-software-...
Very much agree with the idea of red/green TDD and have seen really good results during agentic coding. I've found adding a linting step in between increases efficiency as well and fails a bit faster. So it becomes..
Test fail -> implement -> linter -> test pass
Another idea I've thought about using is docs driven development. So the instructions might look like..
Write doc for feat/bug > test fail > implement > lint > test pass
Isn’t this pretty much how everyone uses agents?
Feels like it’s a lot of words to say what amounts to make the agent do the steps we know works well for building software.
I think most of these writeups are packaging familiar engineering moves into LLM-shaped language. In my experience the real value is operational: explicit tool interfaces, idempotent steps, checkpoints and durable workflows run in Temporal or Airflow, with Playwright for browser tasks and a vector DB for state so you can replay and debug failures. The tradeoff is extra latency, token cost and engineering overhead, so expect to spend most of your time on retries, schema validation and monitoring rather than on clever prompt hacks, and use function calling or JSON schemas to keep tool outputs predictable.
> I think most of these writeups are packaging familiar engineering moves into LLM-shaped language.
They are, and that's deliberate.
Something I'm finding neat about working with coding agents is that most of the techniques that get better results out of agents are techniques that work for larger teams of humans too.
If you've already got great habits around automated testing, documentation, linting, red/green TDD, code review, clean atomic commits etc - you're going to get much better results out of coding agents as well.
My devious plan here is to teach people good software engineering while tricking them into thinking the book is about AI.
G is posting this slop so Anthropic sends him his dinner invitation this month, give him a break.
The best thing I read in this was "Hoard things you know how to do" > basically get an LLM to mutate an existing function you know is 1. well written and 2. works. If you have many such components you're still assembling code rapidly but using building blocks you actually understand in depth, rather than getting an LLM to shit out something verbose.
> I don't let LLMs write text for my blog.
Thank you Simon and I'm sure you would quickly fall off from #1 blogger on HN if you did. I insist on this for myself as well.
Somehow we are all getting really good at detecting "written by AI" with primal intuition.
People come up with the most insane workflow for agents. They complete about 80% of the work but that last 20% is basically equivalent to you doing the whole thing piece wise (with the help of AI). Except the latter gives you peace of mind.
I am still not sold on agentic coding. We’ll probably get there within the next couple of years.
I'm curious what you've used it for? I was firmly in your camp until about a month ago when i used codex to dust off an old side project. I hadn't touched the project in six months. This was literally my first prompt:
"Explain the codebase to a newcomer. What is the general structure, what are the important things to know, and what are some pointers for things to learn next?"
Once I saw the output I giddyup'd and haven't looked back.
I see where Simon is coming from with these patterns but I wonder where large software companies stand regarding their agentic engineering practices? Is Google creating in-house code using agents against its monorepo? Has Microsoft outsourced Windows source code advancements to a dark factory yet?
A lot of this is just things that high-functioning human teams were already doing: automate testing, explain your PRs to guide reviewers, demoing work, not just throwing bad code over the wall during code review, etc.
PSA: This is sponsored by Augment code.
Only until March 6th, I'm selling site-wide sponsorship a week at a time. Those sponsors get no influence over what I write about at all - I started this entire guide without even mentioning it to them.
Thanks, I did not mean it as an accusation of bias. Just something I saw on the page and shared. Appreciate you writing this and sharing.
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Is there a market for this like OOP patterns that used to sell in the 90s?
The underlying technology is still improving at a rapid pace. Many of last year's tricks are a waste of tokens now. Some ideas seem less fragile: knowing two things allows you to imagine the confluence of the two so you know to ask. Other things are less so: I'm a big fan of the test-based iteration loop; it is so effective that I suspect almost all users have arrived at it independently[0]. But the emergent properties of models are so hard to actually imagine. A future sufficiently-smart intelligence may take a different approach that is less search and more proof. I wouldn't bet on it, but I've been surprised too many times over the last few years.
0: https://wiki.roshangeorge.dev/w/Blog/2025-12-01/Grounding_Yo...
It definitely feels like everyone is trying to sell you something that is supposed to help you build rather than actually building useful stuff.
Which is oddly close to how investment advice is given. If these techniques work so well, why give them up for free?
everybody's trying to become the next Uncle Bob
I mainly work with documents as a white collar worker but have vibe coded a few bits.
The thing I keep coming back to is that it's all code. Almost all white collar professions have at least some key outputs in code. Whether you are a store manager filling out reports or a marketing firm or a teacher, there is so much code.
This means you can give claude code a branded document template, fill it out, include images etc. and uploaded to our cloud hosting.
With this same guidance and taste, I'm doing close to the work of 5 people.
Setup: Claude code with full API access to all my digital spaces + tmux running 3-5 tasks in parallel
White colar work is just a lucky place to be, 99% of it is completely made up, there's people doing nothing, and people doing work of 10 people, does not matter, the work itself has no impact on anything.
A nice way to realize why this AI wave hasn't produced massive economy growth, it is mostly touching parts of economy which are parasitic and can't really create growth.
Any word on patterns for security and deployment to prod?
A few patterns we've found effective deploying agents to production:
1. Proxy-based governance. Route all LLM traffic through a governance layer. The agent never holds API keys directly — the proxy holds them and issues scoped, short-lived capability tokens (ES256, 60s TTL). Single enforcement point for scanning, classification, and audit.
2. Scan all message roles. Most people scan user input. In practice, PII and secrets show up in system messages (from frameworks like LangChain), tool responses, and assistant messages from previous turns. OpenAI's "developer" role is another unscanned vector.
3. Deterministic detection over LLM judges. Using a second model to evaluate the first sounds elegant but creates a recursive trust problem. Regex + text normalization (reversing ~24 obfuscation techniques) is boring but reliable and adds ~250ms, not seconds.
4. Fail-closed by default. If your policy engine goes down, block everything. Don't fail open.
5. Presets, not configuration. Nobody writes custom Rego policies from scratch. Ship starter/standard/regulated presets and let teams tune.These came from 12 rounds of red-teaming our own pipeline — about 300 test cases across encoding bypasses, multilingual injection, Unicode evasion, and tool-result poisoning.
Not yet, I'm still trying to figure out what the effective patterns for that are myself!
have loved simon wilson for a long long time and still do. These patterns are all out of date by at least a year - the best devs I know were using Claude 3.5 like this
Good. If they worked with Sonnet 3.5 a year ago that means they have sticking power and are worth writing about today.
I'd like to plug https://github.com/hsaliak/std_slop/blob/main/docs/mail_mode... my coding harness (std::slop)'s mail model (a poor name i admit). I believe this solves a fundamental problem of accummulating errors along with code in your project.
This brings the Linux Kernel style patch => discuss => merge by maintainer workflow to agents. You get bisect safe patches you 'review' and provide feedback and approve.
While a SKILL could mimic this, being built in allows me to place access control and 'gate' destructive actions so the LLM is forced to follow this workflow. Overall, this works really well for me. I am able to get bisect-safe patches, and then review / re-roll them until I get exactly what I want, then I merge them.
Sure this may be the path to software factories, but it scales 'enough' for medium size projects and I've been able to build in a way that I maintain strong understanding of the code that goes in.
Honestly the best thing about Simon's writing is he just shows you what works instead of inventing a whole taxonomy. Half the "patterns" people talk about are just... writing good prompts and checking the output? Like we've been doing error handling and retries forever, now its an Agentic Pattern(tm).
Is there anything about reviewing the generated code? Not by the author but by another human being.
Colleagues don’t usually like to review AI generated code. If they use AI to review code, then that misses the point of doing the review. If they do the review manually (the old way) it becomes a bottleneck (we are faster at producing code now than we are at reviewing it)
This chapter describes a technique for making code reviews less mentally burdensome: https://simonwillison.net/guides/agentic-engineering-pattern...
I'm hoping to add more on that topic as I discover other patterns that are useful there.
Asking for a walkthrough of the codebase? Sure you linked to the right page?
I was expecting tips on code review instead based on your comment and GP.
It's the closest I have to touching on code review so far.
the tautological test problem someone mentioned, i've found the easiest fix is to literally make the test fail first before letting the agent fix it
like don't ask it to "write tests for this function", instead give it a function that's deliberately broken in a specific way, make it write a test that catches that bug, verify the test actually fails, THEN fix the function
this forces the test to be meaningful because it has to detect a real failure mode. if the agent can't make the test fail by breaking the code, the test is useless
the other thing that helps is being really specific about edge cases upfront. instead of "write tests for this API endpoint", say "write tests that verify it returns 400 when the email field is missing, returns 409 when the email already exists, returns 422 when the email is malformed" etc
agents are weirdly good at implementing specific test scenarios but terrible at figuring out what scenarios actually matter. which honestly is the same problem junior devs have lol
I really hate smelly statements like this or that is cheap now. They reek of carelessness.
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Slop Engineering Patterns
Do you think there’s a chance that the hundreds of thousands or millions of developers - real developers - using these tools, might actually find them useful?
Dismissing everything AI as slop strikes me as an attitude that is not going to age well. You’ll miss the boat when it does come (and I believe it already has).
> You’ll miss the boat when it does come
Is the boat:
1) unmissable since the tools get better all the time and are intelligent
or
2) nearly-impossible to board since the tools will replace most of the developers
or
3) a boat of small productivity improvements?
?
Personally today I think it’s 3.
Eventually I do think it will be 2.
I think you’ve got to make hay while the sun shines. Nobody knows how this is all going to play out, I just want to make sure I’m at the forefront of it.
So you think the tools will be intelligent yet somehow hard to master?
And the progress is slowing down in such a way, that knowledge learned today will not be outdated anymore?
Should investors be worried, since AGI is not coming anymore?
My advice is not to get hung up on whether this stuff is "intelligent" or caught out by the AGI hype.
We didn't ask if type-based autocomplete was "intelligent" before we started using that.
Treat coding agents as tools and figure out what they can and cannot do and how best to use them.
No, I think they will be very easy to use.
I think the relative comfort we've enjoyed as software engineers is going to disappear eventually. I just want to be the last to go.
My whole career, I've remained valuable by staying at the forefront of what is possible and connecting that to users' needs. Nothing has changed about my approach from that perspective.
I'm not an investor so I have no idea how they should think.
> You’ll miss the boat when it does come (and I believe it already has).
That's fine; these boats are coming daily now. I'll catch the next one if I need to.
patterns that may help increase subjective perception of reliability from non-deterministic text generators trained on the theft of millions of developer's work for the past 25 years.
I think it's nonsensical to insist that it would only be a subjective improvement. The tests either exist and ensure that there aren't bugs in certain areas, or they don't. The agent is either in a feedback loop with those tests and continues to work until it has satisfied them or it doesn't.
That sounds like a very specific implementation strategy related to TDD
Red-Green TDD is one of the main "agent patterns" Simon proposes, so it seemed relevant.
Also, the same thing applies to feedback loops with compilers and linters as well: they provide objective feedback that then the AI goes and fixes, verifiably resolving the feedback.
Even with less verifiable things like using specifications, the fact that it relies on less objective grounding metrics doesn't mean there's no change in the model's behavior. I'm sure if you looked at the code that a model produced and the amount of intervention necessary to get there for a model that was asked to produce something without a specification versus with one, you would definitely see an objective difference on average. We're already getting objective studies regarding AGENTS.MD